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1.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 18(supl.2): 83-96, Out.-Dez. 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-776713

ABSTRACT

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar o perfil de dez doenças crônicas não transmissíveis investigadas na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada no Brasil em 2013 e sua associação com a autoavaliação da saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional e abrangência nacional com 60.202 indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais. Foi utilizado processo amostral por conglomerado com três estágios de seleção: setor censitário, domicílio e indivíduo. Calculou-se a prevalência das doenças crônicas e os intervalos de confiança de 95% por idade, sexo e escolaridade, a idade média do primeiro diagnóstico e a proporção de limitação das atividades habituais. Para testar a associação com a autoavaliação de saúde, utilizou-se o procedimento de regressão logística ajustada por sexo e idade. Resultados: As doenças mais prevalentes foram hipertensão arterial (21,4%), depressão (7,6%), artrite (6,4%) e diabetes mellitus (6,2%). Indivíduos com diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) referiram maior limitação das atividades habituais (38,6%). Observou-se um gradiente na prevalência segundo idade e escolaridade, e todas as doenças foram mais frequentes entre as mulheres. Pior autoavaliação de saúde foi encontrada entre aqueles com diagnóstico de AVC (OR = 3,60; valor de p < 0,001) e nos que referiram duas doenças (OR = 5,53; valor de p < 0,001) ou três ou mais doenças (OR = 10,86; valor de p < 0,001). Conclusões: Por se tratar de doenças associadas a fatores de risco modificáveis, a prevenção com foco populacional é a melhor estratégia para redução da carga dessas doenças.


ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the profile of 10 chronic noncommunicable diseases investigated in the National Health Survey carried out in Brazil in 2013 and their association with the self-rated health. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based nationwide study with 60,202 individuals aged 18 years old or more. Sampling process by conglomerate was carried out in three stages of selection: census tract, household, and individual. The prevalence of chronic diseases by age, gender and educational status and the confidence intervals of 95% , the mean age at the first diagnosis and the proportion of limitation of the usual activities were calculated. To test the association with self-rated health, the logistic regression procedure adjusted for gender and age was used. Results: The more prevalent diseases were hypertension (21.4%), depression (7.6%), arthritis (6.4%), and diabetes mellitus (6.2%). Individuals diagnosed with stroke reported greater limitations in the daily activities (38.6%). There was a gradient in the prevalence by age and educational level, and all the diseases were more frequent among women. A worse self-rated health was observed among those with a diagnosis of stroke (OR = 3.60; p < 0.001) and those who referred two diseases (OR = 5.53; p < 0.001) or three or more diseases (OR = 10.86; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Because these diseases are associated with modifiable risk factors, the prevention with population focus is the best strategy to reduce the burden of these diseases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Endotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors , Peptides/pharmacology , Skin, Artificial , Amino Acid Sequence , Cell Line , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Molecular Sequence Data , Peptides/chemistry , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Thrombin/chemistry
2.
Braz. dent. j ; 24(2): 89-102, Mar-Apr/2013.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-675658

ABSTRACT

Chemical auxiliary substances (CAS) are essential for a successful disinfection and cleanness of the root canals, being used during the instrumentation and if necessary, as antimicrobial intracanal medicaments. Different CAS have been proposed and used, among which sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), 17% EDTA, citric acid, MTAD and 37% phosphoric acid solution. CHX has been used in Endodontics as an irrigating substance or intracanal medicament, as it possesses a wide range of antimicrobial activity, substantivity (residual antimicrobial activity), lower cytotoxicity than NaOCl whilst demonstrating efficient clinical performance, lubricating properties, rheological action (present in the gel presentation, keeping the debris in suspension); it inhibits metalloproteinase, is chemically stable, does not stain cloths, it is odorless, water soluble, among other properties. CHX has been recommended as an alternative to NaOCl, especially in cases of open apex, root resorption, foramen enlargement and root perforation, due to its biocompatibility, or in cases of allergy related to bleaching solutions. The aim of this paper is to review CHX's general use in the medical field and in dentistry; its chemical structure, presentation form and storage; mechanism of action; antimicrobial activity including substantivity, effects on biofilms and endotoxins, effects on coronal and apical microbial microleakage; tissue dissolution ability; interaction with endodontic irrigants; effects on dentin bonding, metalloproteinases and collagen fibrils; its use as intracanal medicament and diffusion into the dentinal tubules; its use as disinfectant agent of obturation cones; other uses in the endodontic therapy; and possible adverse effects, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.


Resumo Substâncias químicas auxiliares (SQA) são essenciais para o processo de limpeza e desinfecção dos canais radiculares, sendo utilizadas durante a instrumentação dos canais radiculares e, se necessário, como medicamentos intracanais. Diferentes SQA têm sido propostas e utilizadas, entre elas: hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl), clorexidina (CHX), EDTA 17%, ácido cítrico, MTAD e solução de ácido fosfórico a 37%. CHX tem sido usada na endodontia como SQA ou medicação intracanal. CHX possui uma ampla gama de atividade antimicrobiana; substantividade (atividade antimicrobiana residual); menor citotoxicidade que NaOCl, demonstrando desempenho clínico eficiente; propriedades de lubrificação; ação reológica (presente na apresentação gel, mantendo os detritos em suspensão); inibe metaloproteinases; é quimicamente estável; não mancha tecidos; é inodora; solúvel em água; entre outras propriedades. CHX tem sido recomendada como uma alternativa ao NaOCl, especialmente em casos de ápice aberto, reabsorção radicular, perfuração radicular e durante a ampliação foraminal, devido à sua biocompatibilidade, ou em casos de alergia ao NaOCl. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão do uso da clorexidina na medicina e na odontologia; sua estrutura química; forma de apresentação e armazenamento; mecanismo de ação, atividade antimicrobiana, incluindo, substantividade, efeitos sobre biofilmes e endotoxinas; efeito sobre infiltração microbiana coronal e apical; capacidade de dissolução do tecido; interação com os irrigantes; efeitos sobre a união à dentina, metaloproteinases e fibrilas de colágeno; a sua utilização como medicamento intracanal e difusão ...


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use , Chlorhexidine/therapeutic use , Root Canal Irrigants/therapeutic use , Biofilms/drug effects , Dental Bonding , Drug Interactions , Dental Leakage/classification , Dentin Solubility/drug effects , Endotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors , Root Canal Preparation/methods
3.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 66(3): 263-272, 2006. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-440702

ABSTRACT

El lipopolisacarido bacteriano (LPS), tambien denominado endotoxina, es el constituyente mayoritario de la membrana externa de bacterias Gram negativas. Esta molecula es liberada de la bacteria a la circulacion exhibiendo una amplia variedad de efectos toxicos y pro-inflamatorios, los cuales estan asociados al lipido A y a su vez estan relacionados a la patogenesis de la sepsis. Muchos de los fenomenos fisiologicos producidos por el LPS resultan de la capacidad de esta molecula de activar las celulas del sistema inmune del huesped, entre ellas monocitos, macrofagos y leucocitos polimorfonucleares. Este proceso produce una inflamacion local, proceso beneficioso para el huesped. Sin embargo, si la cantidad de LPS liberado excede cierta concentracion critica umbral, la exacerbada liberacion de citoquinas inflamatorias como Factor de Necrosis Tumoral (TNF-alfa) e interleuquinas (IL) resulta en sepsis grave, lo que hace necesario encontrar nuevas opciones terapeuticas capaces de neutralizar la endotoxina circulante. En este articulo se presenta una revision actualizada de los resultados experimentales obtenidos in vivo e in vitro empleando proteinas y peptidos sinteticos con la finalidad de neutralizar el LPS, y las perspectivas que en este area ofrece el uso de lipoproteinas, en particular la apolipoproteina A-I y formas mutantes o peptidos derivados de esta proteina.


Lipopolisaccharide (LPS), also called endotoxin, is the major component of the external membrane in Gram negative bacteria. This molecule is released to circulation by the bacteria, producing a large variety of toxic and pro-inflammatory effects which are associated with lipid A as well as with sepsis pathogenesis. Many physiological henomena produced by LPS arise from this molecule's capacity to activate cells in the host immune system such as monocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This process leads to a local inflammation, and it is beneficial for the host. However, if the amount of LPS released exceeds the critical concentration thresholdan augmented release of inflammatory cytokines as TNF-alfa, and interleukines (IL) produce a severe sepsis. This fact led us to find therapeutical alternatives able to neutralize circulating endotoxin. This work is focused on the experimental results obtained in vivo and in vitro using synthetic proteins and peptides in order to neutralizeLPS, and on future perpectives in this research area that offer the use of lipoprotein and in particular apolipoprotein A-I and mutants or peptides derived from this protein.


Subject(s)
Humans , Endotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors , Gram-Negative Bacteria , Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors , Peptides/pharmacology , Sepsis/drug therapy , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Apolipoprotein A-I/metabolism , Endotoxins/chemistry , Endotoxins/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/metabolism , Inflammation , Interleukins/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry , Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism , Lipoproteins, HDL/chemistry , Lipoproteins, HDL/physiology , Peptides/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins , Sepsis/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
4.
Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Medical Sciences) ; (6): 206-8, 2003.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-635326

ABSTRACT

The anti-endotoxic effect of syringic acid (SA) isolated from Radix Isatidis (Banlangen, BLG) was studied. SA was extracted and isolated from BLG and diluted into 1% solution. The content of SA-pretreated endotoxin (ET) was quantitatively determined using Limulus test. The ability of fever induction of ET pretreated with SA was measured using endotoxin-induced fever test in rabbits. The LPS-induced death in mice pretreated with and without SA was compared. Results showed that after pretreatment with SA, 83.16% of ET was destroyed, the ET-induced fever in rabbits relieved markedly and the LPS-induced death rate in mice dropped from 68% to 20%. It was concluded that SA isolated from BLG had anti-endotoxic effects.


Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Endotoxemia/blood , Endotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors , Escherichia coli , Gallic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Gallic Acid/pharmacology , Isatis/chemistry , Limulus Test , Plant Roots/chemistry
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