Parenteral adjuvant potential of recombinant B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin

BACKGROUND The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) is a potent mucosal immune adjuvant. However, there is little information about LTB's potential as a parenteral adjuvant. OBJECTIVES We aimed at evaluating and better understanding rLTB's potential as a parenteral adjuvant using the fused R1 repeat of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97 adhesin as an antigen to characterise the humoral immune response induced by this construct and comparing it to that generated when aluminium hydroxide is used as adjuvant instead. METHODS BALB/c mice were immunised intraperitoneally with either rLTBR1 or recombinant R1 adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide. The levels of systemic anti-rR1 antibodies (total Ig, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ratio of IgG1 and IgG2a was used to characterise a Th1, Th2, or mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. FINDINGS Western blot confirmed rR1, either alone or fused to LTB, remained antigenic; anti-cholera toxin ELISA confirmed that LTB retained its activity when expressed in a heterologous system. Mice immunised with the rLTBR1 fusion protein produced approximately twice as much anti-rR1 immunoglobulins as mice vaccinated with rR1 adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide. Animals vaccinated with either rLTBR1 or rR1 adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide presented a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. We speculate this might be a result of rR1 immune modulation rather than adjuvant modulation. Mice immunised with rLTBR1 produced approximately 1.5-fold more serum IgA than animals immunised with rR1 and aluminium hydroxide. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that rLTB is a more powerful parenteral adjuvant than aluminium hydroxide when administered intraperitoneally as it induced higher antibody titres. Therefore, we recommend that rLTB be considered an alternative adjuvant, even if different administration routes are employed.

Placental and colostral transfer of antibodies reactive with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli intimins α, ß, or γ / Transferência placentária e colostral de anticorpos reativos a Escherichia coli enteropatogênica com expressão das intiminas α, ß, or γ

Abstract Objective: Intimins are protein adhesins of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli capable of inducing attachment and effacement lesions in enterocytes. Anti-intimin antibodies are important for the protection from enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli infections because these antibodies inhibit bacterial adhesion and impair the initial step of the pathogenesis. We studied the transfer of maternal anti-intimin antibodies from healthy Brazilian mothers to their newborns through the placenta and colostrum. Methods: Serum immunoglobulin G and secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies against conserved and variable regions of intimins α, β, and γ were analyzed using an enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay in the blood and colostrum from 45 healthy women as well as cord blood serum samples from their newborns. Results: The concentrations of antibodies reactive with α intimin were significantly lower than those of anti-γ and anti-conserved intimin antibodies in the colostrum samples. IgG serum antibodies reactive with all the subtypes of intimins were transferred to the newborns, but the concentrations of anti-conserved intimin serum antibodies were significantly higher in mothers and newborns than concentrations of antibodies against variable regions. The patterns of IgG transfer from mothers to newborns were similar for all anti-intimin antibodies. These values are similar to the percentage transference of total IgG. Conclusions: Anti-intimin antibodies are transferred from mothers to newborns through the placenta, and reinforce the protection provided by breastfeeding against diarrheagenic E. coli infections.

Resumo Objetivo: As intiminas são adesinas proteicas de Escherichia coli enteropatogênicas (EPEC) e enterro-hemorrágicas (EHEC) capazes de induzir as lesões attaching and effacing nos enterócitos. Anticorpos anti-intiminas são importantes para a proteção contra infecções por EPEC e EHEC porque esses anticorpos inibem a adesão bacteriana e impedem o passo inicial do mecanismo patogênico dessas bactérias. Nós estudamos a transferência de anticorpos maternos anti-intiminas de mães brasileiras saudáveis para os seus recém-nascidos através da placenta e do colostro. Métodos: Anticorpos séricos da classe IgG e secretórios da classe IgA (SIgA) reativos com as porções conservada (cons) e variáveis das intiminas α (vα), β (vβ) e γ (vγ) foram analisados pelo teste de ELISA no sangue e no colostro de 45 parturientes saudáveis e no sangue de cordão umbilical dos seus respectivos recém-nascidos. Resultados: As concentrações de anticorpos reativos com intimina vα foram significativamente mais baixas que as dos anticorpos anti-vγ e anti-cons nas amostras de colostro. Anticorpos IgG séricos reativos com todas as intiminas foram transferidos para os recém-nascidos, mas as concentrações de anti-cons foram significativamente mais altas tanto nas mães como nos recém-nascidos do que os anticorpos reativos com as regiões variáveis das intiminas. O padrão de transferência de IgG das mães para os recém-nascidos foi muito semelhante para todos os anticorpos anti-intiminas. Os valores de porcentagem de transferência foram semelhantes à transferência de IgG total. Conclusões: Anticorpos anti-intimina são transferidos das mães para os recém-nascidos pela placenta e corroboram a proteção contra infecções por Escherichia coli diarreiogênicas (DEC) conferida pelo aleitamento materno.

Avaliação da atividade imunogênica de três proteínas de Leptospira interrogans expressas em Escherichia coli / Evaluation of immunogenic activity of three proteins of Leptospira interrogans expressed in Escherichia coli

A leptospirose é uma zoonose causada por bactérias patogênicas do gênero Leptospira. No mundo, aproximadamente 500.000 casos são reportados a cada ano, com 10% de taxa de mortalidade. Atualmente, vacinas contra leptospirose são compostas por células inativadas e são ineficazes em diferentes aspectos. Após analise do genoma, os genes LIC11121, LIC11087, LIC11228 e LIC11084 foram escolhidos para caracterização da imunogenicidade de suas respectivas proteínas. Esses genes foram clonados no vetor de expressão pAE e as proteínas recombinantes foram purificadas. Os resultados sugerem que essas proteínas podem estar localizadas na membrana externa, são imunogênicas, possivelmente expressas durante a infecção e que podem ter envolvimento em mecanismos de evasão do sistema imune e de patogenicidade da bactéria. Além disso, em um de dois experimentos, a proteína rLIC11084 induziu imunidade protetora parcial em hamsters imunizados frente desafio letal.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of genus Leptospira. In the world, nearly 500,000 cases are reported each year, with 10% of mortality rate. Currently, vaccines against leptospirosis are composed by inactivated cells that are ineffective in many aspects. After genome analysis, the genes LIC11121, LIC11087, LIC11228 e LIC11084 were chosen for immunogenicity characterization of their respective proteins. These genes were cloned in the pAE expression vector and the proteins encoded by LIC11087, LIC11228 and LIC11084 were purified. The results suggest the localization of these proteins in the bacterial outer membrane, are immunogenic, are possibly expressed during infection and may have involvement in mechanisms of immune system evasion and pathogenicity. Moreover, in one of two experiments, the rLIC11084 protein induced partial protective immunity of immunized hamsters against lethal challenge.

Caracterização e avaliação imunológica de três proteínas de superfície de Leptospira interrogans obtidas em Escherichia coli / Characterization and immunological evaluation of three surface proteins of Leptospira interrogans obtained in Escherichia coli

A leptospirose é uma zoonose causada por bactérias patogênicas do gênero Leptospira. O sequenciamento do genoma completo de L. interrogans sorovar Copenhageni tem permitido a obtenção e caracterização de proteínas potencialmente envolvidas na patogênese desta bactéria, como lipoproteínas e proteínas de membrana externa. Neste trabalho, foram estudados três genes, OmpL1, LIC10731 e LIC10645, dos quais o gene OmpL1 foi o mais frequente em diferentes espécies de Leptospira. As proteínas recombinantes foram purificadas por cromatografia de afinidade ao metal. As três proteínas recombinantes promoveram resposta humoral e celular após imunização em camundongos. Ensaios de adesão mostraram que as proteínas se ligam à laminina e plasminogênio, e adicionalmente a proteína OmpL1 se liga ao fibrinogênio e fibronectina plasmática. A proteína OmpL1 foi bastante reativa com soro de pacientes de leptospirose. Os resultados sugerem que as proteínas referentes aos genes estudados podem desempenhar um papel na patogênese da bactéria.

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic bacteria of genus Leptospira. Annotation of the genome sequences of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni allows the identification and characterization of proteins potentially involved in the pathogenesis of this bacterium, such as lipoproteins and outer-membrane proteins. The present study characterized three genes, OmpL1, LIC10731 and LIC10645, and one of them, OmpL1, was the most frequent among different species of Leptospira. The recombinant proteins were purified by metal-chelating chromatography. All three recombinant proteins promoted humoral and cellular response after immunization in mice. Binding assays showed that all proteins interact to laminin and plasminogen, and additionally protein OmpL1 binds to fibrinogen and plasma fibronectin. OmpL1 was highly reactive with positive-leptospirosis human sera. The results suggest that the proteins encoded by these genes may play a role in the bacterium pathogenesis.

TLR5-dependent immunogenicity of a recombinant fusion protein containing an immunodominant epitope of malarial circumsporozoite protein and the FliC flagellin of Salmonella Typhimurium

Recently, we described the improved immunogenicity of new malaria vaccine candidates based on the expression of fusion proteins containing immunodominant epitopes of merozoites and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium flagellin (FliC) protein as an innate immune agonist. Here, we tested whether a similar strategy, based on an immunodominant B-cell epitope from malaria sporozoites, could also generate immunogenic fusion polypeptides. A recombinant His6-tagged FliC protein containing the C-terminal repeat regions of the VK210 variant of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite (CS) protein was constructed. This recombinant protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli as soluble protein and was purified by affinity to Ni-agarose beads followed by ion exchange chromatography. A monoclonal antibody specific for the CS protein of P. vivax sporozoites (VK210) was able to recognise the purified protein. C57BL/6 mice subcutaneously immunised with the recombinant fusion protein in the absence of any conventional adjuvant developed protein-specific systemic antibody responses. However, in mice genetically deficient in expression of TLR5, this immune response was extremely low. These results extend our previous observations concerning the immunogenicity of these recombinant fusion proteins and provide evidence that the main mechanism responsible for this immune activation involves interactions with TLR5, which has not previously been demonstrated for any recombinant FliC fusion protein.