Estenosis esofágica congénita: diagnóstico y tratamiento. Serie de casos / Congenital esophageal stenosis: diagnosis and treatment. Cases review

La estenosis esofágica congénita es una patología infrecuente y no existe un tratamiento estandarizado. Se evaluó el diagnóstico, tratamiento y evolución de 11 pacientes con estenosis esofágica congénita tratados en nuestro centro. El síntoma más frecuente fue la disfagia. La edad al momento del diagnóstico varió entre 1 día y 14 años (media= 4,7 años). El esofagograma confirmó el diagnóstico. Cinco pacientes presentaron malformaciones asociadas. Cuatro pacientes fueron tratados quirúrgicamente y siete, con dilataciones. La histopatología identificó tres de tipo fibromuscular y una con restos traqueobronquiales. Todos evolucionaron favorablemente con un seguimiento promedio de 4,5 años. Las dilataciones fueron efectivas en la mayoría de los pacientes que se trataron por este método.

Congenital esophageal stenosis is a very rare condition and there is no standard treatment. We report the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of 11 patients with this condition managed at our institution. The most common symptom was dysphagia. The age at diagnosis was between 1 day and 14 years (mean age: 4.7 years). The esophagogram confirmed the diagnosis. Five patients presented associated anomalies. Four patients received surgical treatment and 7 only balloon dilatations. Pathologic examinations showed 3 fibromuscular stenosis and one with tracheobronchial remnants. All patients had a good outcome with a mean follow up of 4.5 years. Balloon dilatations were the definitive treatment in most of the patients.

Esophageal stricture assessment by esophagogram: a pictorial review of differential diagnosis

The purpose of this article is to review the most frequent conditions associated with esophageal strictures on esophagogram. The most common causes include caustic ingestion, radiation therapy, malignancy, extrinsic compression, gastroesophageal reflux disease, infectious esophagitis, systemic diseases and membranes and rings. Adequate characterization of the stricture is necessary for formulation of the best diagnostic hypothesis and can be used to distinguish between malignant and non-malignant conditions. (AU)

Caustic ingestion in children in south of Iran: Retrospective study from Shiraz - Iran / Ingestión de cáusticos en niños del sur de Irán: Estudio retrospectivo de Shiraz - Irán

Caustic ingestion is a major health concern in both developed and developing countries, that may lead to serious esophageal injury. The clinical presentation of caustic ingestion in children vary from asymptomatic to serious and fatal sequelae, such as perforation and stricture formation. Objective: Due to the lack of a comprehensive study in our area, this study has evaluated clinical and endoscopic manifestations and complications of caustic ingestion in children in south of Iran. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed 75 children with caustic ingestion who admitted in Nemazee Hospital of Shiraz University of Medical Science during 6 years (2006-2011). Sign and symptoms were recorded for each case. Results: The most common symptoms were dysphagia, oral lesions, vomiting, and drooling. Esophageal injuries were detected in both acid and alkali ingestion, but gastric injuries was significantly more in acid ingestion. During follow up period, 20% of all cases developed esophageal stricture. Conclusion: Dysphagia, oral lesions, vomiting, and drooling were the most common findings. Esophageal stricture was found in 20% of cases during 3 months of follow up.

La ingestión de cáusticos es una gran preocupación de salud tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo, que puede llevar a lesiones esofágicas graves. La presentación clínica de la ingestión de cáusticos en niños varía desde asintomática hasta tener secuelas fatales, como perforación y/o estenosis. Objetivo: Debido a la ausencia de estudios en nuestra área, este estudio ha evaluado las manifestaciones clínicas, endoscópicas y las complicaciones de la ingesta de cáusticos en niños en el sur de Irán. Materiales y métodos: En estudio retrospectivo, revisamos 75 niños con ingesta de cáusticos que ingresaron al Nemazee Hospital of Shiraz University of Medical Science durante 6 años (2006-2011). Los signos y síntomas fueron recolectados para cada caso. Resultados: Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron disfagia, lesiones orales, vómitos y salivación. Las lesiones esofágicas se detectaron tanto en ingestión de ácido como de álcali, pero las lesiones gástricas fueron definitivamente más frecuentes con la ingestión de ácidos. Durante el periodo de seguimiento el 20% de los casos desarrolló estrechez esofágica. Conclusión: La disfagia, lesiones orales, vómitos y salivación fueron los hallazgos más comunes. La estrechez esofágica se encontró en el 20% de los casos durante los tres meses de seguimiento de los pacientes.

Estenosis esofágica congénita: A propósito de un caso / [Congenital esophageal stenosis: a case report].

Congenital esophageal stenosis, a rare disease of unknown cause which reports have increased in the last few years, requires a high index of suspicion for its diagnosis and treatment. It can be classified in three types based on the etiology of the stenosis: tracheobronchial rest, fibromuscular hypertrophy and membranous diaphragm. Symptoms may vary depending on location and severity of the stenosis. Treatment options are based on clinical suspicion of the histologic type and they can be balloon dilation or surgical resection of the stenotic segment. The definitive diagnosis is the histological study.

Imagen del mes / Image of the month

Reportamos un caso de un paciente joven que ingresó para estudio y manejo de una hipocalcemia grave. Durante su evolución el paciente presentó dolor abdominal (cólico vesicular) relacionado con la presencia de un ejemplar de Ascaris lumbricoides en la vesícula biliar, que respondió a terapia médica conservadora.

We report a case of a young patient who was admitted for study and management of severe hypocalcemia. During evolution of the condition the patient presents abdominal pain (biliary colic) related to the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides in the gallbladder, responding to conservative medical therapy.

A rare cause of dysphagia: compression of the esophagus by an anterior cervical osteophyte due to ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatological disease affecting the axial skeleton with various extra-articular complications. Dysphagia due to a giant anterior osteophyte of the cervical spine in AS is extremely rare. We present a 48-year-old male with AS suffering from progressive dysphagia to soft foods and liquids. Esophagography showed an anterior osteophyte at C5-C6 resulting in esophageal compression. The patient refused surgical resection of the osteophyte and received conservative therapy. However, after 6 months there was no improvement in dysphagia. This case illustrates that a large cervical osteophyte may be the cause of dysphagia in patients with AS and should be included in the diagnostic workup in early stages of the disease.

Esofagectomía transhiatal y ascenso gástrico en el tratamiento de las neoplasias malignas esofágicas / Transhiatal esophagectomy and gastric elevation in the treatment of malignat neoplasm of esophagus

Se evalúa la esofagectomía transhiatal y el ascenso gástrico como alternativa terapéutica en veintiún pacientes concarcinoma de esófago. La edad promedio fue de 60,52 ± 9,64 años, de los cuales catorce pacientes (66,66%)pertenecieron al sexo masculino y siete pacientes al sexo femenino (33,33%). En los pacientes sometidos a ascensogástrico la complicación peroperatoria más frecuente fue la ruptura unilateral y bilateral de la pleura, y las complicaciones posoperatorias más frecuentes la presencia de estenosis de la anastomosis cervical (23,80%) la fístula cervical (14,28%), con una mortalidad de 19,04% asociadasa complicaciones infecciosas en tres pacientes (14,28%). La esofagectomía transhiatal es una de las técnicas quirúrgicas en el tratamiento de las neoplasias esofágicas; sin embargo, no está exenta de complicaciones tales como estenosis de la anastomosis y fístula cervical, es necesaria una adecuada preparación nutricional preoperatoria para disminuir la presencia de complicaciones posoperatorias

In this study the transhiatal esophagectomy is evaluated as therapeutic alternative in twenty-one patients with esophagus carcinoma. The average age of the patients was 60,52 ± 9,64 years, fourteen patients (66.66%) were male and seven patients female. In the patients with transhiatal esophagectomy the peroperative complication more frequent was the unilateral and bilateral rupture of the pleura, and the most frequent postoperatory complications was the cervical anastomosis stenosis (23.80%) and the cervical leakage (14.28%), with a mortality of 19.04%associated with infectious complications in three patients (14.28%). The transhiatal esophagectomy is one of the surgical procedures in the treatment esophageal neoplasm but is important consider the possibility of complications as cervical stenosis and cervical leakage and is necessary and adequate nutritional preoperative preparation to avoid complications as cervical stenosis and anastomosis leakage and is required an adequate preoperatory preparation to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications

Penfigoide de membranas mucosas com estenose esofágica grave / Mucous membrane pemphigoid with severe esophageal stricture

O penfigoide de membranas mucosas é entidade nosológica encarada como um fenótipo, que engloba várias dermatoses autoimunes com lesões bolhosas subepidérmicas, ocorrendo predominantemente nas membranas mucosas, com êxito cicatricial. O acometimento esofágico no penfigoide de membranas mucosas é raro e observado em pacientes com lesão disseminada. As alterações mais comuns são múltiplas membranas ou constrições esofagianas. No presente relato, os autores apresentam paciente com PMM sem lesões cutâneas e estenose esofágica grave, que entrou em remissão após uso de imunoglobulina venosa.

Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a rare nosological entity. MMP consists of a clinical phenotype in which several autoimmune subepidermal bullous diseases are classified. It occurs predominantly in the mucous membranes and usually results in scarring. Esophageal involvement in MMP is rare and is generally seen in patients in whom lesions are widespread. The most common alterations are multiple esophageal membranes or strictures. In the present case, the authors report on a patient with MMP without any skin lesions and with severe esophageal strictures who went into remission following use of intravenous immunoglobulin.

Esophageal Stricture Post Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy

Background: Post endoscopic sclerotherapy esophageal stricture is usually not fatal but may requires several sessions of esophageal dilation as an effective palliative treatment yet has its own complications. Aim: The purpose of this study is to find out the predictors of sclerotherapy esophageal stricture. Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study of the esophageal stricture post sclerotherapy for the patients who were managed in the period from January 2000 through the June 2007 in endoscopic department at Ibn Sina Hospital. Post endoscopic sclerotherapy symptoms; signs; diagnostic and therapeutic methods were analysed to find out possible predictors of developing benign esophageal stricture. Result: A 33 out of 10133 patients who had sclerotherapyl were found to have esophageal stricture and were included in this study. 91of them were males; 88were 60years old and most of them were cases of hepatic periportal fibrosis. Only two patients had esophageal varices secondary to viral hepatitis B liver cirrhosis. Their presentation was commonly with difficulty in swallowing and few cases presented with food impaction. The majority of patients were treated with wire guided endoscopic Savary Gilliard dilation. Conclusion: Esophageal stricture following endoscopic injection sclerotherapy is a known morbidity; however the rate of these strictures is fairly acceptable. High dose of sclerotherapy in fewer sessions over a short period are potential predictors of esophageal stricture

Reconstruction of thoracic esophagus with pediculated diaphragmatic flap in dogs

PURPOSE: To verify whether pediculated diaphragmatic flaps were suitable to correct iatrogenic wounds in dog's esophagus injuries. METHODS: Seven dogs were submitted to resection of a segment of the esophagical wall, which was then corrected by suturing a pediculated diaphragm flap. Endoscopic evaluation of the esophagical wall was done forty days after the surgical procedure. RESULTS: Three animals died, one due to implant ischemia, caused by strangulation of the phrenic artery; other due to wound infection; and the last, due to mediastinitis. Scar retraction was observed, however, there was no stenosis, allowing the passage of a 9,8 mm probe with no difficulty. The limits between the implants and the native esophagus were indistinguishable, and the implant was covered by esophageal mucosa. CONCLUSION: The diaphragmatic flaps are suitable on the restoring of continuity in dog's thoracic esophagus.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se retalhos diafragmáticos pediculados seriam adequados para correção de defeitos iatrogênicos do esôfago do cão. MÉTODOS: Sete cães foram submetidos à ressecção de um segmento da parede esofágica, o qual foi corrigido por meio da sutura de um pedículo diafragmático pediculado. Um animal morreu devido à isquemia do implante causada pelo estrangulamento da artéria frênica, outro devido à infecção da ferida cutânea e outro devido a mediastinite. Aos 40 dias após o procedimento fez-se um exame endoscópico dos animais nos cães sobreviventes. RESULTADOS: Observou-se retração cicatricial sem repercutir em estenose, permitindo a passagem de sonda de 9,8 mm, sem dificuldade. Os limites entre os implantes e o esôfago nativo se apresentaram indistinguíveis e o implante estava recoberto por mucosa esofágica. CONCLUSÃO: Os retalhos diafragmáticos são adequados na restauração da continuidade do esôfago torácico do cão.

Factors influencing the development of ulcers and strictures in carcinoma of the esophagus treated with radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: To ascertain factors that could influence the development of ulcers and strictures in the definitive management of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of esophagus treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), high-dose-rate (HDR) intralumenal radiotherapy (ILRT) with or without concurrent weekly cisplatin (CDDP @ 35 mg/m2) chemotherapy (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1990-2005, 244 patients with inoperable SCC of esophagus were identified from our database and grouped into one of the following: those receiving at least 60 Gy EBRT (Gp E, n=44); EBRT followed by HDR-ILRT (Gp E+I, n=98); at least 50 Gy EBRT with CT (Gp E+C, n=68); EBRT+HDR-ILRT + CT (Gp E+I+C, n=34). Ulcers (discovered on endoscopy) and strictures evident on a barium swallow (which needed dilatations) were scored as treatment induced, if the biopsy was negative. Factors likely to influence their outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: The groups were matched for all patient and disease characteristics except pretreatment hemoglobin and Karnofsky performance score (KPS), which were lower in Gp E. The incidence of ulcers was 7%, 8%, 6% and 21% (P=0.08) while that of strictures was 14%, 9%, 21% and 41% (P=0.00) for the groups E, E+I, E+C and E+I+C respectively. On univariate analysis, patients with better KPS (P=0.03), treated with narrow applicators (6 mm vs. 10 mm, P=0.00), received CT (P=0.00) or assigned to Gp E+I+C (P =0.00) were more likely to develop strictures, with a trend for development of ulcers in Gp. E+I+C (P=0.08). Logistic regression retained only Gp E+I+C for development of ulcers (OR 10.36, 95% CI 1.2-89.1, P=0.03) and strictures (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.4-12.6, P=0.00). CONCLUSION: Treatment intensification as in Gp E+I+C results in about a three-fold increase in treatment induced late morbidity which can adversely impact on swallowing function and therefore emphasizes the need for optimisation of HDR-ILRT when used in a CT+RT protocol.

Esophageal stricture following electrical injury.

Esophageal injury resulting from electrical shock is rare. Stricture of esophagus following external electrical injury has not been reported yet. We report a 24-year-old electric lineman who developed esophageal stricture following external electrical shock. He responded to dilatation with Savary-Gilliard dilators.

Congenital Esophageal Stenosis: To dilate or To resect

Congenital esophageal stenosis [CES] is a rare condition in children. The definitive preoperative diagnosis often is difficult to make, and a standard therapeutic protocol remains controversial. This study was carried out to determine the proper management strategy in children suffering from CES. The medical records of 17 patients with CES treated during a period of10 years [from 1995 to 2005] were retrospectively reviewed. Each patient was evaluated as regard to the clinical presentation, pathology, management, and outcome. The ages of patients at time of diagnosis ranged from 3 months to 9 years. The sites of stenosis were located more frequently at the lower third of the esophagus [n=10] than the upper third [n-3] and middle third [n=4], The diagnosis was made by esophagogram, esophagoscopy and was confirmed by histopathologic examination. Fifteen patients were diagnosed primarily, while 2 patients were diagnosed after unsuccessful surgical treatment for an initial misdiagnosed achalasia of the cardia. Six patients had confirmed tracheobronchial remnants [TBR], five had fibromuscular stenosis [FMS] and 2 had membranous web stenosis [MS]. The histopathology was unknown in 4 patients due to inadequate biopsies taken during esophagoscopy. All patients were treated initially by repeated esophageal dilatations [2-8 times] over two to thirty month period. The dilatation alone was successful in 11 patients, but was complicated by esophageal perforation in one case. Six patients required surgery; five of them were treated by resection and anastomosis, and one required esophageal replacement The pathology of this later group was TBR in 5 patients and FMS in one. 1. this study emphasizes the diagnostic difficulties in some children with CES; 2. Esophageal dilatation may be tried initially 3. Resection should be reserved for cases not responding to repeated dilatation particularly those with proven TBR

Estenosis esofágica congénita asociada a atresia esofágica. Presentación de un Caso / Congenital esophageal stenosis associated to esophageal atresia. Presentation of one case

La estenosis congénita del esófago es una enfermedad muy rara, esta condición habitualmente se ha confundido históricamente con la estenosis esofágica secundaria a un proceso inflamatorio, particularmente secundario a un reflujo gastroesofágico. Esta entidad se ha reportado con una incidencia de un caso por cada 25 000 a uno por cada 50 000 nacidos, hasta 1995 solo se habían reportado 500 casos en la literatura mundial. Los síntomas de la enfermedad se presentan generalmente en los lactantes alrededor de los seis meses de edad, los pacientes presentan disfagia progresiva y vómitos cuando se introducen alimentos sólidos y semisólidos. Existen casos que presentan desde el momento del nacimiento síntomas severos como regurgitaciones y distress respiratorio. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante esofagograma y endoscopía esofágica. En este trabajo se presenta un caso tratado en nuestro hospital con esta enfermedad y se exponen elementos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos del mismo...

Prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles en el manejo de la obstrucción maligna del tracto digestivo superior: experincia local / Self-expandable metallic stents in the management of malignant obstruction of the upper digestive tract: experiences local

La inserción de Endoprótesis en el tracto Gastrointestinal es usada primariamente para obstrucciones malignas. Este grupo de pacientes incluye aquellos que no son candidatos a Cirugía o con enfermedad recurrente después de cirugía o tratamiento radiante por cáncer esofágico o gastroesofágico. Estos pacientes se presentan con disfagia, odinofagia o síntomas pulmonares los cuales pueden ser consecuencia de aspiración o fístula traqueo-esofágica. También las endoprótesis pueden ser usadas para paliación de obstrucciones malignas que comprometen el vaciamiento gástrico en pacientes considerados pobres candidatos a Cirugía, usualmente como consecuencia de tumores pancreático-biliares avanzados u ocasionalmente en pacientes con neoplasias primarias gástricas o duodenales. En este trabajo presentamos un total de 28 casos de pacientes en los que se han colocado endoprótesis autoexpandibles por patología maligna del tracto digestivo superior. De estos, 18 casos corresponden a tumores de esófago medio-distal, 7 tumores de cardias, 1 tumor de p¡loro, 1 tumor de duodeno y un caso de estenosis esofágica posteriormente a tratamiento radiante de un cáncer de esófago medio. El rango de edad de estos pacientes osciló entre 48 y 84 años, con un promedio de 62 años. El tiempo de sobrevida osciló entre 3 y 7 meses. Se presentaron dos complicaciones: en un caso hubo migración proximal de la prótesis y en el otro caso hubo una falsa vía a través del tumor presentando como complicación una hernia diafragmática. Este caso fue llevado a Cirugia.

Late post radiation laryngeal chondronecrosis with pharyngooesophageal fibrosis.

Chondroradionecrosis of larynx is a well recognized complication of radiation therapy, which usually occur with in the 1st year. Review of literature shows very few accounts of late radiation induced clinical chondroradionecrosis of the larynx. This condition can mimic a local recurrence and severe and life threatening involvement will require aggressive surgical management as reported in the present case.

Prótese enteral no tratamento da estenose gástrica maligna por adenocarcinoma recorrente / Enteralprosthesis inthe treatment of malignant gastric stenosis due to recurrent adenocarcinoma

Este trabalho relata caso de paciente com obstrução gástrica maligna de esôfago recidivado no tubo gástrico 18 meses após a cirurgia (esôfago-gastrectomia parcial), que foi submetido à colocação de prótese metálica auto-expansível com sucesso e boa resposta clínica

Estenose de esôfago na criança: etiologia, aspectos clínicos e resultados de dilatações com Savary-Gilliard / Esophageal strictures in children and adolescents: etiology, clinical aspects and results of dilation Using Savary-Gilliard bougies

Dilatação de esôfago é usualmewnte uma terapêutica eficaz na maioria das estenoses na faixa etária pediátrica. Entretanto, o limitado número de dados pediátricos não permite conclusões definitivas sobre as indicações e complicações de tais procedimentos. Os dados de 55 crianças e adolescentes, cujas estenoses de esôfago foram tratadas com dilatações, em um serviço de endoscopia pediátrica, durante o período de seis anos,foram respectivamente revisados. A etiologia das estenoses foi: péptica (n = 26), pós-cirurgia de atresia de esôfago (n = 13), cáustica (n = 9), congênita (n = 3), membrana (n = 3) e tumor de esôfago (n = 1). As dilatações foram realizadas sob anestesia geral e como fio - guia introduzido sob controle endoscópico, com sondas de Sarvary-Gilliard. Cento e trinta e quatro sessões de dilatação (2,7 dilatações/paciente) foram feiras em 50 crianças e adolescentes, de dois meses a 16 anos (média de 5,3 anos). Ocorreram duas perfurações de esôfago (1,5por cento das dilatações). Todos os outros pacientes melhoraram após as dilatações. As dilatações de esôfago devem ser consideradas como um procedimento eficaz também em pediatria, mas nessa faixa etária há mais complicações potenciais.