ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In 2010, to reduce the occurrence of serious pneumococcal disease, the Ministry of Health in Brazil incorporated the 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine in the immunization schedule of children younger than two years of age. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of vaccination on the incidence of infectious respiratory diseases in infants before and after the introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved primary care and hospital networks from a city in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, between 2009 and 2012. RESULTS: A 40% reduction in the prevalence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was observed after introducing the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Male children were 28% more likely to develop the disease. The prevalence ratio ([PR] = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.52 to 2.53, p < 0.05) suggested that not being vaccinated was associated with the occurrence of pneumonia. The prevalence of CAP was 70% lower (PR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.37, p<0.05) in children vaccinated as recommended compared to children with delayed vaccination, suggesting that the updated vaccine schedule improves protection. CONCLUSIONS: Immunization with the 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine appeared to reduce the number of pneumonia cases in children during the study period. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of the vaccine against the occurrence of pneumococcal pneumonia. .
Subject(s)
Humans , HIV-1 , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA, Viral/metabolism , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Alternative Splicing , Blotting, Western , Endoribonucleases/genetics , Endoribonucleases/metabolism , Exoribonucleases/genetics , Exoribonucleases/metabolism , HIV-1 , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Immunoprecipitation , Protein Binding , RNA Interference , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Viral/genetics , RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Trans-Activators/genetics , Trans-Activators/metabolismABSTRACT
Effect of repeated (20 days) exposure to picrotoxin (PTX) on rat liver lysosomal function was evaluated by measuring the free and total activities of acid phosphatase, cathepsin D, ribonuclease II (RNAse II) and deoxyribonuclease II (DNAse II). The free activities of the nucleases (both RNAse II and DNAse II) were increased following PTX exposure. The total DNAse II activity was increased by 2.2-fold whereas the total acid phosphatase activity was decreased by 28%. Consequently, the ratios of total activity / free activity were low in the PTX exposed groups, implying loss of membrane integrity. Cathepsin D activity was completely abolished. The results show that repeated exposure to PTX can lead to lysosomal dysfunction in liver.