ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir a que los médicos y otros profesionales de la salud, que buscan diariamente mejorar su conocimiento para beneficio del ser humano enfermo, incorporen nuevas herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas para entender la complejidad inherente al campo de la medicina. Este artículo desarrolla conceptos que no son familiares a los profesionales de la salud, a fin de que sean pensados y aprehendidos. Plantea la necesidad de definir la vida desde el punto de vista termodinámico y situarla en estrecha relación con los sistemas complejos, la dinámica no lineal y el comportamiento caótico, redefinir los mecanismos convencionales de control fisiológico basados en el concepto de homeostasis y recorrer el camino que va desde la búsqueda de vida extraterrestre hasta exponer a la medicina “al borde del caos”. La complejidad trasciende los aspectos biológicos; incluye la dimensión subjetiva y simbólico-social. Visualizar la enfermedad como un fenómeno heterogéneo y multicausal puede dar origen a nuevos enfoques para el enfermo.
The aim of this paper is to help physicians and health professionals, who constantly seek to improve their knowledge for the benefit of the ill, to incorporate new conceptual and methodological tools to understand the complexity inherent to the field of medicine. This article contains notions that are unfamiliar to these professionals and are intended to foster reflection and learning. It poses the need to define life from a thermodynamic point of view, linking it closely to complex systems, nonlinear dynamics and chaotic behavior, as well as to redefine conventional physiological control mechanisms based on the concept of homeostasis, and to travel the path that starts with the search for extraterrestrial life up to exposing medicine “near the edge of chaos”. Complexity transcends the biological aspects; it includes a subjective and symbolic/social dimension. Viewing disease as a heterogeneous and multi-causal phenomenon can give rise to new approaches for the sick.
Subject(s)
Humans , Nonlinear Dynamics , Entropy , Life , Homeostasis , Extraterrestrial Environment , MedicineABSTRACT
A vida é primeiramente reconhecida como tal com base em considerações subjetivas a priori. A riqueza das relações subjetivas complexas da vida conosco é a "bioassinatura" mais fundamental, que nos permite construir estratégias para a busca de vida no universo.
la vida se reconoce como tal según consideraciones subjetivas a priori. La riqueza de las relaciones subjetivas complejas con nosotros es la biofirma más fundamental, que nos permite construir estrategias para la búsqueda de la vida en el universo.
Life is primarily recognized as such based on priori subjective considerations. The richness of complex subjective exchanges with us is the most fundamental biosignature, which allows us to build strategies for the search of life in the universe.
Subject(s)
Humans , Exobiology , Extraterrestrial EnvironmentABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the space environment on the role of licorice mutagenesis analysis of proteins.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) seeds were carried by a recoverable satellite for 18 days (the average radiation dose in the flight recovery module was 0.102 m x d(-1), the orbit semidiameter 350 km, gravity 10(-6)). After return, The satellite-flown seeds and the unflown seeds (ground control) were planted in the fields of experimental farm. The leaves of each group were used for studying the effects of space flight on CAT, SOD activity, the protein content and electrophoresis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>After the space flight, CAT, SOD activity of licorice increased in varying degrees, the difference was significant (P<0.05), two types of enzyme activity of sample from Ordos were higher than that from Hangjinqi. The protein content of licorice increased in a certain extent, the difference was significant (P<0.05), while protein electrophoresis also showed differences, weak new bands appeared.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results indicated that spaceflight has effect on protein of licorice, these changes may be used as a tool for accelerating the progress in G. uralensis breeding.</p>
Subject(s)
Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase , Metabolism , Electrophoresis , Extraterrestrial Environment , Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Chemistry , Plant Proteins , Metabolism , Spacecraft , Superoxide Dismutase , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In order to find the new varieties with different horticultural characters, and investigate the mutation effects of seeds of Dioscorea zingerbrensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The seeds were carried by a satellite into space and recovered. The space mutation effect on the germination, seedling growth, chromosomes and rhizome diosgenin content of SP, populations of D. zingerbrensis were investigated.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Stimulated by space environment, the seed possessed the fast germinating characteristics. Germination rate showed no change. It was also found that a few plants were aneuploid or tetraploid. Fresh rhizome weight and rhizome diosgenin content in the second year plant were remarkably higher than those of the control. However, the increasing of third year plant was slow down, and rhizome diosgenin content in the third year plant declined simultaneously.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The space environment showed stimulating effects on seed germination, fresh rhizome weight and rhizome diosgenin content.</p>
Subject(s)
Dioscorea , Chemistry , Genetics , Physiology , Extraterrestrial Environment , Germination , Mutation , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Seedlings , Chemistry , Genetics , PhysiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To substantiate the effects of spaceflight on the glycyrrhizic acid-related gene mutation in Glycyrrhiza uralensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Licorice (G. uralensis) seeds were carried by a recoverable satellite for 18 days (the average radiation dose in the flight recovery module was 0. 102 m x d(-1), the orbit semidiameter 350 km, gravity 10(-6)). After returned to the earth, the satellite-flown seeds and the un-flown seeds (ground control) were planted in the fields of experimental farm. The leaves of each group were used for studying the effects of space flight on the glycyrrhizic acid-related gene mutation including ITS sequence and beta-amyrine synthase gene.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The ITS sequence of glycyrrhizic acid related gene showed no changes after spaceflight. While beta-amyrine synthase gene had some different points after spaceflight and the different points could get the expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results indicated that spaceflight induce genetic variation in G. uralensis and spaceflight could also have effects on glycyrrhizic acid-related gene mutation in G. uralensis. It may need to further research how the spaceflight induced the mutation of the glycyrrhizic acid related gene. The results suggested that recoverable satellite-flown condition could bring inheritable mutagenic effects on G. uralensis seeds and maybe used as a tool for accelerating the progress in G. uralensis breeding.</p>
Subject(s)
Extraterrestrial Environment , Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Genetics , Metabolism , Glycyrrhizic Acid , Metabolism , Mutation , Plant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Space FlightABSTRACT
To further study the characteristics of changes on the molecular level of rice mutants induced in space environment, we analyzed proteins in leaves and seeds of four rice mutants (two high-tillering and two low-tillering) in the 8(th) and 9(th) generations after a 15-day spaceflight, and compared with their ground controls by two-dimentional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). In addition, the albumin, globulin, prolamine, glutelin, and amylose of the mutant seeds were analyzed by RPLC and ultra-violet spectrometry. The results showed that the low-abundance proteins of leaves in the peak tillering stage are more likely to be induced compared with their corresponding controls. The albumin, globulin, and prolamine of the mutant seeds revealed changes when compared with their controls, and the characteristics of changes in different mutants were stably inherited in the 8(th) and 9(th) generations, suggesting that they can be used as bio markers to identity the mutants induced by spaceflight. Moreover, two proteins (SSP9111 and SSP6302) were found to be expressed with high intensity (two-fold change) in different mutants, which were both correlated with photosystem according to mass spectrometry and database searching.
Subject(s)
Albumins , Genetics , Metabolism , Amylose , Genetics , Metabolism , Chromatography, Liquid , Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional , Extraterrestrial Environment , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Genetic Variation , Genomic Instability , Globulins , Genetics , Metabolism , Mass Spectrometry , Mutation , Oryza , Genetics , Metabolism , Plant Leaves , Genetics , Plant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Prolamins , Seeds , Genetics , Space FlightABSTRACT
La investigación de los procesos neurofisiológicos atrae el interés de las agencias aeroespaciales ya que la exploración humana, más allá de la atmósfera terrestre, implica el sometimiento del sistema nervioso a una serie de fenómenos con capacidad de generar cambios drásticos tanto en nivel celular como sistémico. Estudios arrojados en las últimas décadas demuestran que de realizarse exploraciones que requieran una exposición prolongada a estos fenómenos (por ejemplo un eventual viaje a Marte), uno de los principales componentes que podría afectarse en el sistema nervioso sería su plasticidad. La presente mini-revisión se enfoca en aquellos fenómenos que han sido descritos más frecuentemente y las consecuencias moleculares y celulares que pueden tener. Estos fenómenos básicamente son las radiaciones cósmicas, la aceleración gravitacional y de otros tipos, la hipoxia, la hiperoxia e hipobaria, la vibración, el confinamiento, los campos magnéticos y la nutrición. Es claro que la relación de estos fenómenos con su efecto neural será diferente dependiendo el tipo de vuelo al que nos refiramos (extra o intra-atmosférico) y que el listado presentado corresponde tan solo al conocimiento actual de los posibles factores fisicoquímicos implicados. Sin embargo, futuras investigaciones pueden develar aspectos hasta el momento ni siquiera contemplados. Adicionalmente, se propone una clasificación sobre los diferentes tipos de adaptaciones que acompañan la exposición del sistema nervioso, especialmente en el vuelo espacial