Autocuidado do cuidador familiar de adultos ou idosos dependentes após a alta hospitalar / Self-care in family caregiver of dependent adults or elderly persons after hospital discharge / El autocuidado del cuidador familiar de adultos o ancianos dependientes tras el alta hospitalaria

Este artigo apresenta uma compreensão sobre o autocuidado do cuidador familiar segundo a teoria de Dorothea Orem. Resulta de uma pesquisa qualitativa com aporte da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, utilizando-se das técnicas de visita domiciliar, registro de notas de campo e entrevista semiestruturada com 11 cuidadores, após a internação de familiar em um Hospital Universitário de Minas Gerais. Foram obtidas quatro categorias, destacando uma categoria central, em torno da qual se analisaram as facilidades, dificuldades e estratégias para o autocuidado do cuidador. Entre as dificuldades, foram evidenciadas: tempo insuficiente para os cuidados com a saúde e, entre as facilidades, o apoio de outros familiares. As principais estratégias foram: apoio na fé; revezamento nos cuidados e recursos na comunidade. Concluiu-se que orientações no momento da alta e o acompanhamento de enfermagem após a alta contribuem para o autocuidado do cuidador, atuando sobre suas dificuldades e estimulando suas potencialidades.

This article presents an understanding concerning self-care in family caregivers according to Dorothea Orem's theory. Resulting from a qualitative research based on Grounded Theory, this work uses the techniques of home visiting, field notes and semistructured interviews with 11 caregivers after the hospitalization of a family member in a teaching Hospital located in Minas Gerais. Four categories were found and among them a central category is highlighted from which some facilities, difficulties and strategies for selfcare in caregiver were analyzed. Considering the difficulties, insufficient time for healthcare was noticed whereas the support from other family members appeared as a facility. The main strategies were: faith as a support; shift work in healthcare and community resources. This study demonstrated that hospital discharge guidelines and nursing follow-up after discharge were responsible for positive contributions to self-care in caregivers helping them to overcome their difficulties and enhancing their potentialities.

El artículo presenta una comprensión sobre el autocuidado del cuidador familiar, según la teoría de Dorothea Orem. Resulta de investigación cualitativa con aporte de la Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos, utilizándo se de las técnicas de visitas a domicilio; registro de apuntes de campo y entrevista semiestructurada, tras la internación de un familiar en un hospital universitario de Minas Gerais. Se llegó a cuatro categorías, señalando una categoría central, alrededor de la cual se analizaron las facilidades, dificultades y estrategias para el autocuidado del cuidador. Se evidenció, entre las dificultades, tiempo insuficiente para los cuidados con la salud y, entre las facilidades, el apoyo de otros familiares. Las principales estrategias fueron: apoyo en la fe, revezo en los cuidados y recursos en la comunidad. Se concluyó que orientaciones el momento del alta y el acompañamiento de enfermería tras el alta contribuyen para el autocuidado del cuidador, actuando sobre sus dificultades y estimulando sus potencialidades.

Factors associated with satisfaction at work in Psychosocial Care Centers / Fatores associados à satisfação no trabalho em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial / Factores asociados a la satisfacción en el trabajo en Centros de Atención Psicosocial

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the prevalence of satisfaction at work and identify associated factors in Psychosocial Care Centers. METHOD: cross-sectional study involving 546 workers from 40 Psychosocial Care Centers in the South of Brazil. The satisfaction was identified based on the Assessment Scale of Satisfaction in the Mental Health Team and a logistic regression model was used for the adjusted data analysis. RESULTS: the prevalence of satisfaction at work corresponded to 66.4%. Factors directly associated with satisfaction: higher-level function (except physicians and psychologists), work time of six months or less, making a larger number of home visits, good supervision by the team, possibility to make collective choices and take courses. CONCLUSIONS: the satisfaction is associated with the work organization and conditions and demonstrates the need to invest in team supervisions, in process that democratize the services and in the workers' training. .

OBJETIVOS: analisar a prevalência de satisfação no trabalho e identificar fatores associados em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial. MÉTODO: estudo transversal com 546 trabalhadores de 40 Centros de Atenção Psicossocial, da Região Sul do Brasil. A satisfação foi identificada a partir da Escala de Avaliação da Satisfação da Equipe de Saúde Mental e a análise ajustada dos dados, realizada por modelo de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: prevalência de satisfação no trabalho de 66,4%. Fatores diretamente associados à satisfação: função de nível superior (excetuando médicos e psicólogos), tempo de trabalho menor ou igual a seis meses, realização de maior número de visitas domiciliares, boa supervisão pela equipe, possibilidade de fazer escolhas coletivas e cursos. CONCLUSÕES: a satisfação está associada à organização e às condições do trabalho e demonstra necessidade de se investir em supervisão pelas equipes, em processos que democratizem os serviços e, também, na formação de seus trabalhadores. .

OBJETIVOS: analizar la prevalencia de satisfacción en el trabajo e identificar factores asociados en Centros de Atención Psicosocial. MÉTODO: estudio trasversal con 546 trabajadores de 40 Centros de Atención Psicosocial de la región Sur de Brasil. La satisfacción fue identificada a partir de la Escala de Evaluación de la Satisfacción del Equipo de Salud Mental y el análisis ajustado de los datos efectuado mediante un modelo de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: prevalencia de satisfacción en el trabajo de 66,4%. Factores directamente asociados a la satisfacción: función de nivel superior (excepto médicos y psicólogos), tiempo de trabajo menor o igual a seis meses, efectuar mayor número de visitas a domicilio, boa supervisión por el equipo, posibilidad de hacer opciones colectivas y cursos. CONCLUSIONES: la satisfacción está asociada a la organización y a las condiciones del trabajo y demuestra la necesidad de invertir en supervisión por los equipos, en procesos que democraticen los servicios y también en la formación de sus trabajadores. .

Absorption of unlabeled reduced iron of small particle size from a commercial source. A method to predict absorption of unlabeled iron compounds in humans

The absorption of a commercial brand of small-particle reduced iron was evaluated in 10 normal subjects. For each subject, the hemoglobin incorporation method was used to measure the true absorption of 60 mg of iron from either ferrous sulfate or ferric ammonium citrate. The iron tolerance test (ITT) was also studied for these two compounds and for reduced iron. This procedure consisted of measuring the area under the curve of plasma iron elevations at specified times for 6 hours, or the peak plasma iron, corrected by the plasma iron disappearance rate obtained from measuring plasma iron at specified times for 4 hours after the slow intravenous injection of 0.4 mg of iron as ferric citrate. Only the ITT was used to measure the absorption of 60 mg of reduced iron. Reference dose iron ascorbate absorption was measured in each subject. The absorption of ferric ammonium citrate and reduced iron was expressed as percent of dose and also as absorption percent of that of ferrous sulfate. Mean geometric "true absorptions" were 39.0 for reference dose, 10.4 for FeSO4 and 2.4 for ferric ammonium citrate. The later was 23 that of FeSO4. By ITT the mean geometric absorptions were 7.9, 3.7 and 3.2 for FeSO4, ferric ammonium citrate and reduced iron respectively, or 47 and 41 of that of FeSO4. We propose that the true absorption of the commercial brand of reduced iron tested was 20 that of FeSO4 based on the relation between the ITT results of reduced iron and the ITT and true absorption values of ferric ammonium citrate in relation to FeSO4. The use of this method for measuring absorption of unlabeled iron compounds is discussed.

Initiation of lipid peroxidation by iron as [ferric chloride] in hepatic fish microsomes in vivo and vitro

The antioxidant effect of dl-alpha-tochopherol acetate [vitamin E], ascorbic acid [Vitamin C] and reduced glutathione [GSH] were studied in-vivo and in vitro peroxidizing system of fish hepatic microsomes. Lipid peroxidation [LP] measured as malondialdehyde [MDA] compound, was not significant altered and inhibited until the concentrations of these antioxidant reached a critical level which depend on the effectiveness of the oxidative stress. Combination between these antioxidants [dl-alpha-tochopherol and GSH] or [dl-alpha-tochopherol and ascorbic acid] are elicit a marked and ascorbic acid] are elicit a marked and progressive reduction to lipid peroxidation. The rational of the cooperation was discussed on the basis of the hydroperoxyl radical scavenging capacity of vitamin E and the reduction of membrane hydroperoxide by glutathione and ascorbic acid. The inhibition of LP by dl-alpha-tochopherol acetate and glutathione was found concomitantly with a decrease in the concentration of its reduced form and a corresponding increase in oxidized tochopherol and glutathione disulfide levels. The study also investigated the relationship between LP and some enzyme inactivation in fish hepatic microsomes. In microsomes incubated with iron as [ferric chloride], glucose-6-phosphatase [G6P-ase] and cytochrome P-450 [Cyt. P-450] levels were decreased rapidly and concurrently with increased level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Microsomal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cytochrome-c reductase [Cyt-cRas] little affected during incubation period. Addition of antioxidant partially protected against inactivation of G6P'ase and Cyt P-450, as well as LP induced by ferric chloride

Iron bioavailability from Spirulina platensis, whole egg and whole wheat.

Bioavailability of iron from Spirulina was assessed in comparison with whole egg, whole wheat and standard ferrous sulphate using haemoglobin depletion repletion assay. Haemoglobin regeneration efficiency of Spirulina and whole egg was similar and significantly higher than that of whole wheat. The absorption of iron from Spirulina was significantly lower than that of ferrous sulphate and whole egg but significantly greater than that from whole wheat.

Utilizaçäo da água potável como veículo de nutrientes: estudos experimentais com ferro / Use of drinking water as a vehicle of nutrients: experimental studies with iron

Esta investigaçäo é parte de um projeto mayor com o objetivo de estudar a possibilidade de se usar água potável como carreador de nutrientes, tais como o ferro, para uso de comunidades. Para verificar tal possibilidade vários sais de ferro em diferentes concentraçöes foram adicionados água e analisados quanto a seus efeitos em relaçäo à cor e à turbidez. Os resultados destes estudos mostraram que o citrato férrico amoniacal foi o melhor sal no que diz respeito à manutençäo das características físicas de água potável clorada. Também foi estudada a biodisponibilidade de diversos sais de ferro adicionados a água para prevenir a anemia em ratos. Os ensaios biológicos mostraron que as formas mais adequadas de sais de ferro em água para prevenir foram: citrato férrico amoniacal, sulfato ferroso e gluconato de ferro