Papel do Doppler do ducto venoso na restrição de crescimento intrauterino / Ductus venosus Doppler assessment in intrauterine growth restriction

Objetivo: O crescimento intrauterino restrito (CIUR) por insuficiência placentária persiste como grande desafio obstétrico. A interrupção da gestação representa a única estratégia de condução e baseia-se na predição de desfechos adversos. O Doppler tem valor reconhecido na avaliação seriada das alterações circulatórias nesses fetos, em geral sequenciais e proporcionais à gravidade do insulto hipóxico. Este estudo objetiva revisar as evidências do papel do Doppler de ducto venoso (DV) na predição de morbimortalidade perinatal em gestações complicadas por CIUR placentário grave e precoce. Métodos: Realizou-se revisão narrativa, com busca de artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos nas bases Medline/PubMed, Lilacs e Scielo, sendo encontradas 132 referências. Pesquisas com animais e gestações múltiplas foram excluídas. Dos 115 artigos selecionados, 34 foram excluídos por inadequação ao tema. A revisão baseou-se nas demais 81 referências, além de trabalhos de reconhecida relevância no tema. Resultados: Estudos demonstram evidência consistente do papel do Doppler de DV na avaliação de fetos com CIUR, com bom valor preditivo para acidemia fetal e desfecho perinatal adverso. As principais estratégias de monitorização se baseiam na combinação do Doppler de vasos arteriais/venosos e parâmetros biofísicos, mas o Doppler de DV seria o melhor parâmetro isolado para predição de comprometimento fetal grave. Conclusão: A incorporação do Doppler de DV na monitorização de fetos com CIUR grave e precoce é capaz de predizer desfechos perinatais críticos. A avaliação de múltiplos vasos fetais parece aumentar a acurácia, porém não há evidência para embasar a definição de protocolos para o manejo clínico.(AU)

Objective: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to early onset placental insufficiency remains to be a great challenge in obstetrical practice. Delivery is still the only available strategy of management, and timing such intervention depends on prediction of adverse outcomes. Dopplervelocimetry studies have recognized value in the evaluation of the sequential hemodynamic changes that are stablished in the arterial and venous circulation of these fetuses, which correlate with the severity of hypoxemic insult. This study aims to review evidence on ductus venosus (DV) Doppler`s role as a predictor of perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by severe early onset IUGR. Methods: A Medline/PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo search was performed to identify original articles and systematic reviews published in the last 10 years. Eighty-one references were included in this review, in addition to other papers of recognized relevance in the subject. Results: Studies demonstrate consistent evidence on DV Doppler`s role in the longitudinal evaluation of IUGR fetuses, with adequate predictive value for fetal acidemia and adverse outcome. Monitoring strategies are usually based on a combination of arterial and venous Doppler assessment, in addition to biophysical parameters, but DV Doppler seems to be the best single parameter for prediction of severe fetal compromise. Conclusion: Monitoring of fetuses with severe early-onset IUGR through DV Doppler is able to predict critical perinatal outcomes. Evaluation of multiple fetal vessels seems to increase accuracy of prediction, but to this moment there is not enough evidence to recommend protocols of management.(AU)

Neurosonographic abnormalities in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

Pattern of neurosonographic (NSG) abnormalities in 150 term newborn infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) was studied. Sonographic abnormalities, presumably indicating cerebral edema and or ischemia, were observed in 86% (n = 129) cases. Obliteration of the ventricles occurred as the sole abnormality in 30 (20%) cases. Eighty (53%) patients had diffusely increased echogenicity of the brain parenchyma (DPE) in addition to the compression of the ventricles, sulci and the interhemispheric fissure. Focal parenchymal echodense (FPE) lesions occurred in nine (6%) neonates with HIE. Ten (6.6%) patients, however, had increased periventricular echogenicity (PVE). Two patients, one with focal parenchymal lesions and the other with PVE had obliterated ventricles in addition. Regarding temporal sequence earliest NSG abnormalities were DPE or slit like ventricles that were observed on day-1 itself. Focal or periventricular echogenic lesions, however, made their first appearance on day-3 of life. Twenty one patients had normal scans. Fifty patients with abnormal scans died. None of the infants with normal scans, however, died (p < 0.001). At 4 weeks of age, scans performed in 100 survivors revealed no abnormality in 51 cases. Others showed development of cerebral atrophy (n = 21), multicystic encephalomalacia (n = 2), porencephalic cyst (n = 1), or persistence of PVE without cystic changes (n = 4). The results of this study highlight the diagnostic efficacy of neurosonography in cases of HIE. We suggest that it should be incorporated in the routine evaluation of patients with hypoxic brain injury.