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1.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol. (En línea) ; 86(5): 474-484, oct. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388685

ABSTRACT

Resumen El parto prematuro es la principal causa de morbilidad y de mortalidad perinatal, y hasta un tercio de los casos presentan rotura prematura de membranas. La infección intrauterina que asciende desde la vagina es su principal causa en un hospital público de Chile. Esta revisión narrativa mediante búsqueda en PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scielo, Science Direct y Wiley Online Library incluye estudios publicados sobre los diferentes factores infecciosos que intervienen en el resultado adverso perinatal y la eficacia de los antibióticos en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino. Además, contiene recomendaciones de sociedades científicas sobre el uso de antibióticos en estos casos. Los ensayos concluyen que los antimicrobianos prolongan el embarazo, disminuyen la corioamnionitis clínica y reducen variadas morbilidades neonatales, pero no reducen la mortalidad perinatal ni las secuelas tardías en la infancia. Los resultados adversos obstétricos, especialmente los neonatales, y las secuelas dependen de la existencia de invasión microbiana de la cavidad amniótica o de infección cérvico-vaginal, de la virulencia de los microorganismos aislados, del compromiso inflamatorio/infeccioso de la placenta (corioamnionitis histológica, funisitis) y de la respuesta inflamatoria fetal. Para mejorar los resultados adversos obstétricos neonatales en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino, los esquemas de antibióticos deben ser eficaces, cubriendo el amplio espectro microbiológico existente y actuando sobre los factores infecciosos implicados en la gravedad de la infección. Además, deben administrarse de manera intensiva y prolongada hasta el parto.


Abstract Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, and up to a third of them have premature rupture of membranes. Intrauterine infection that rises from the vagina is its main cause in a public hospital in Chile. This narrative review by searching PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scielo, Science Direct and Wiley Online Library includes published studies of the different infectious factors involved in perinatal adverse outcome and of the efficacy of antibiotics in preterm premature rupture of membranes. It also contains recommendations from scientific societies on the use of antibiotics in these cases. These trials conclude that antimicrobials prolong pregnancy, decrease clinical chorioamnionitis, and reduce various neonatal morbidities, but do not reduce perinatal mortality or infant sequelae. Obstetric and especially neonatal adverse outcomes in these patients depend on the existence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and/or cervicovaginal infection, of the virulence of the isolated microorganisms, of inflammatory/infectious involvement of the placenta (histological chorioamnionitis, funisitis) and fetal inflammatory response. To improve adverse neonatal obstetric outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes, antibiotic regimens must be effective, covering the wide existing microbiological spectrum and acting on infectious factors responsible for the severity of the infection. In addition, they must be administered aggressively and for a long time until delivery.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Chorioamnionitis/prevention & control , Treatment Outcome , Premature Birth
2.
Femina ; 46(1): 48-53, 29/02/2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1050100

ABSTRACT

A rotura prematura de membranas (RPM) é conceituada como corioamniorrexe espontânea que ocorre antes do início do trabalho de parto, independentemente da idade gestacional. Ocorre, aproximadamente, em 10% das gestações. A maioria dos casos incide em pacientes de termo e 2-3% dos casos em gestações pré-termo. Seu diagnóstico, em 90% das vezes, é clínico. Em relação às condutas, a intenção é reduzir ao máximo os prejuízos para o binômio materno-fetal, mas essa é uma tarefa complicada e que ainda suscita muitas discussões. Prioriza-se a interrupção da gestação na presença de corioamnionite ou sofrimento fetal. Na ausência destes, as condutas devem ser individualizadas de acordo com a idade gestacional, levando em conta o uso de corticoterapia e neuroprofilaxia com sulfato de magnésio.(AU)


Premature membranes rupture (PMR) is conceptualized as spontaneous chorioamniorrex that occurs before labor begins, regardless of gestational age. It occurs in approximately 10% of pregnancies. The majority of cases are in term pregnancies patients and 2-3% of cases in preterm pregnancies. The diagnosis is predominantly clinical (about 90%). In relation to the management, the intention is to reduce to the maximum the losses to the maternal-fetal binomial, but this is a complicated task and that still raises many discussions. Discontinuation of gestation is prioritized in the presence of chorioamnionitis or fetal distress. In the absence of these, the management should be individualized according to gestational age, taking into account the use of corticosteroids and neuroprophylaxis with magnesium sulfat.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/diagnosis , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/therapy , Pregnancy Complications , Betamethasone/therapeutic use , Risk Factors , Magnesium Sulfate/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
3.
Femina ; 38(5)maio 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-546441

ABSTRACT

A indução do parto consiste em estimular artificialmente as contrações uterinas coordenadas e efetivas antes de seu início espontâneo, levando ao desencadeamento do trabalho de parto em mulheres que ultrapassaram a 22ª semana de gravidez. A antecipação do parto pode ser necessária em diversas situações obstétricas, como gestação prolongada, diabetes, ruptura prematura das membranas e pré-eclâmpsia. Estima-se que mais de 15% de todas as gestantes apresentem alguma indicação de indução do parto. Vários métodos de indução do parto são propostos, tanto naturais como artificiais e, dentre estes, os métodos farmacológicos merecem especial destaque. Realizou-se uma revisão da literatura baseada nos melhores níveis de evidências e considerando os graus de recomendação. De acordo com a literatura, a utilização de estrogênio, propranolol, relaxina, mefepristone e hialuronidade não deve ser estimulada por não existirem evidências suficientes para a sua recomendação. O seu uso, portanto, deve ser limitado a protocolos de pesquisas. Ocitocina é um método de indução efetivo que pode ser usado em pacientes com ruptura das membranas amnióticas. Prostaglandinas (PG) e misoprostol (um éster sintético da PGE1) são efetivos para a indução do parto independentemente da integridade das membranas. Prostaglandinas devem ser administradas preferencialmente por via vaginal. Habitualmente, o misoprostol é preferido devido a questões práticas, como o baixo custo e a facilidade de administração e estocagem. Doses baixas de misoprostol devem ser utilizadas e a atualmente recomendada é de 25 g a cada 4 ou 6 horas. Tanto a via oral como a via vaginal podem ser utilizadas.


Induction of labor consists of stimulation of effective and coordinated uterine contractions before their spontaneous onset for the purpose of bring on labor in women who have surpassed the 22nd week of pregnancy. In several obstetrical situations, such as prolonged pregnancy, diabetes, premature rupture of membranes and preeclampsia, anticipation of labor and delivery may be necessary. It is estimated that more than 15% of all pregnant women eventually present any indication for induction of labor. Several natural and artificial methods for induction are proposed. Among them, pharmacological methods are the most relevant. A literature review was carried out based on the highest levels of evidence and on the grade of recommendations. According to the literature, the use of estrogens, relaxin, mifepristone and hyaluronidade should not be stimulated because there are not enough evidences for their recommendation, so their utilization should be limited to research protocols. Oxytocin is an effective method for induction of labor that may be used in patients with ruptured membranes. On the other hand, prostaglandins and misoprostol (a prostaglandin E1 analog) are effective for induction of labor independently on the membrane integrity. Vaginal administration should be preferred for prostaglandins. Misoprostol is habitually preferred due to practical questions, such as low cost and facility for storage and administration. Low doses of misoprostol should be used, and the currently recommended dose is 25 g every four or six hours. Both vaginal and oral routes of administration can be used.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Clinical Trials as Topic , Estrogens , Misoprostol/administration & dosage , Misoprostol/therapeutic use , Oxytocin/therapeutic use , Prostaglandins/administration & dosage , Prostaglandins/therapeutic use , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy , Labor, Induced/methods , Administration, Intravaginal , Administration, Oral , Mifepristone , Propranolol , Relaxin
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 133(1): 51-61, ene. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-398016

ABSTRACT

Background: Microbial invasion of amniotic cavity occurs in 30 to 50percent of patients with premature membrane rupture. Aim: To determine the outcomes associated with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) in patients with preterm premature rupture of membrane (pPROM). Patients and methods: One hundred thirty four patients with preterm pPROM between 24 and 34 weeks of pregnancy, without clinical infection or labor, were studied. Cultures were obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis from the amniotic fluid and the lower genital tract. Four groups of MIAC were observed: MIAC1: due to S. agalactiae, F. nucleatum or H. influenzae as only etiologic agents, MIAC2: due to other bacteria, alone or mixed, MIAC3: due to U. urealyticum as only etiologic agent, MIAC0: No MIAC and no infection of the lower genital tract. Study patients received antibiotics and were managed expectantly until 35 weeks unless clinical chorioamnionitis developed or an amniotic fluid culture returned positive for S. agalactiae, F. nucleatum or H. influenzae. Results: Ninety six patients were enrolled: MIAC1 (n=11), MIAC2 (n=30), MIAC3 (n=19) and MIAC0 (n=36). Clinical chorioamnionitis was more common in patients with MIAC1 than those with MIAC3 (p<0.01) and those without infection (p<0.001). The admission to delivery interval was shorter in patients with MIAC1 (2.8 days) than those with MIAC3 (10.1 days, p<0.05) and those without infection (18 days, p<0.001). Delivery within 48 h and within 7 days of admission were also more frequent in patients with MIAC1 than in patients with MIAC3 (p<0.05) or those without infection (p<0.001). Newborns to mothers with MIAC1 had a higher frequency of infection (36percent), asphyxia (36percent), admission to neonatal ICU (100percent) and death (46prcent) than those of mothers with MIAC3 and those without infection. Birth weight was also significantly lower. Histological chorioamnionitis was more common in patients with MIAC1 than in patients with MIAC3 and those without infection. The rate of funisitis was higher in patients with MIAC1 than those without infection. Conclusions: In patients with preterm PROM, microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity by S. agalactiae, F. nucleatum or H. influenzae is associated with high frecuency of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes and neonatal death.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Amniotic Fluid/microbiology , Placenta/microbiology , Placenta/pathology , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/microbiology , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy , Obstetric Labor, Premature
6.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 88-92, 2005.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-110315

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of active intervention with antenatal maternal corticosteroid and antibiotics therapy in infants delivered between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation after premature rupture of membrane. This retrospective study included pregnant women complicated by preterm delivery at the Dong-A University Hospital from 1998 to 2002. Patients were divided into labor induction group 1 (n=20), observation group 2 (n=19), and medication group 3 (n=20). We evaluated the effects of prolongation of pregnancy and intervention with maternal corticosteroids and antibiotics therapy on perinatal and neonatal outcomes. Each group did not have a significant difference (p<0.05) in neonatal outcomes, such as respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, pneumonia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and sepsis. The mean latency period was 4.7 days and 7.6 days in groups 2 and 3, respectively. Therefore, this study was unable to demonstrate any beneficial effects of corticosteroids in improving neonatal outcomes and prolongation of the latency period with antibiotics.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Apgar Score , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy , Gestational Age , Maternal Age , Pregnancy Outcome , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Premature Birth/prevention & control , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/prevention & control , Retrospective Studies , Time Factors
7.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-248841

ABSTRACT

ORACLE es una investigación aleatorizada factorial pragmática multicéntrica, dirigida desde la Universidad de Leicester (Reino Unido), cuyo objetivo es verificar el rol de la antibióticoterapia (eritromicina y/o augmentina y/o placebo) en la amenaza de parto prematuro (APP), con o sin rotura prematura de membranas (RPM). Los puntos finales principales son mortalidad perinatal y morbilidad neonatal severa. El tamaño muestral propuesto es de 10.000 casos. Participan 164 maternidades de 16 países y se llevan incluidos 7.364 pacientes. Argentina, que inició su gestión en agosto de 1997, a marzo de 1999 lleva incluidos 762 pacientes, reclutados entre las 9 maternidades participantes, sitas en Buenos Aires, provincia de Buenos Aires y Salta. Dos de ellas, figuran 2º y 3º en la lista de hospitales con mayor índice de reclutamiento en el mundo. El 88 por ciento de las ingresadas presentó APP y el 12 por ciento, RPM. Ambas situaciones se combinaron en el 8 por ciento de ellas. La mediana de la edad gestacional al ingreso es 32 semanas (cuartilos: 29 y 34). El 82,6 por ciento ya finalizó su participación y sólo hay un 2 por ciento de pérdidas de seguimiento. El 58 por ciento de los nacimientos ocurrió al término. La mediana de peso al nacer es 2.870 g (cuartilos 2.250 y 3.250). El 27 por ciento requirió UTI y la mortalidad perinatal es 3,6 por ciento. No se han registrado efectos adversos fetoneonatales atribuibles a las medicaciones del estudio. Los efectos adversos maternos suman 14 casos y han sido los habituales ante el consumo de antibióticos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/physiopathology , Obstetric Labor, Premature/drug therapy , Obstetric Labor, Premature/epidemiology , Obstetric Labor, Premature/mortality , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/statistics & numerical data , Clinical Protocols/standards , Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/administration & dosage , Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/adverse effects , Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/therapeutic use , Erythromycin/administration & dosage , Erythromycin/adverse effects , Liability, Legal
13.
Rev. cuba. obstet. ginecol ; 20(1/2): 24-7, ene.-dic. 1994. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-168920

ABSTRACT

Se realiza un estudio prospectivo de observacion del tipo de casos y controles, en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna" de las Tunas, en el periodo comprendido entre agosto de 1987 y febrero de 1990. Se administraron 24 mg de betametazona intramuscular a 25 mujeres que ingresaron al Servicio de Obstetricia con rotura prematura de membranas y una edad gestacional entre 28 y 34 semanas. Los resultados se compararon con un grupo control escogido aleatoriamente. Hubo el 66 porciento global de sindrome de dificultad respiratoria, similar en ambos grupos. La administracion de betametazona no influyo de manera significativa en ninguno de los resultados perinatales obtenidos


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Pregnancy Trimester, Third
15.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 59(4): 301-6, 1994. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-144155

ABSTRACT

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 33 años, G7P6A1, que rompió membranas a las 20 semanas de edad gestacional, demostrándose la presencia de Klebsiella oxytoca en el líquido anmiótico obtenido por amniocentesis. No habiendo signos clínicos de infección ovular, recibió tratamiento antibiótico parenteral. El control bacteriológico post tratamiento fue negativo. El parto fue resuelto a las 29 1/2 semanas debido a la sospecha de desprendimiento placentario, obteniéndose un recién nacido vivo, sexo femenino, 1520 g y Apgar 8-8. La evolución materna estuvo libre de morbilidad infecciosa y el neonato cursó una sepsis clínica con buena respuesta al tratamiento antibiótico, sin que se demostrara la presencia de otras complicaciones


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy , Klebsiella Infections/diagnosis , Amniocentesis , Cesarean Section , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/microbiology , Gentamicins/administration & dosage , Amniotic Fluid/microbiology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/microbiology , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Sepsis/diagnosis , Sepsis/drug therapy , Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods
17.
Rev. colomb. obstet. ginecol ; 40(2): 147-151, abr.-jun. 1989. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-68528

ABSTRACT

Durante el periodo del 1 de agosto de 1983 al 31 de julio de 1985 se estudiaron 40 pacientes las cuales ingresaron al Hospital Materno Infantil de Bogota, por presentar embarazo pretermino, ruptura prematura de membranas, sin signos de infeccion y sin trabajo de parto en el momento de su ingreso. Durante su permanencia se les comprobo la ruptura de membranas, se les practico amniocentesis y cuando se obtuvo liquido amniotico se practico test de Clements y cultivo para germenes comunes y anaerobicos, frotis de cervix y cultivo, monitoria sin stress para detectar bienestar fetal, ecografia para confirmar la edad gestacional y la disminucion de liquido amniotico. Ademas control de la curva termica cada 6 horas y cuadro hematocrito diario. Se dividieron de forma aleatoria en 2 grupos; Grupo A. Se aplico Betametasona 2 dosis de 12 mgrs, I.M. cada 12 horas y se desembarazaron 48 horas despues de la primera dosis. La via a seguir en el parto estuvo de acuerdo a condiciones obstetricas. Brupo B. Se dejaron en observacion durante 8 horas y luego se desembarazaron de acuerdo a condiciones obstetricas. Se presento una morbilidad de 60% que se distribuyo por igual en ambos grupos y sus causas fueron: sindrome de dificultad respiratoria 47.5%, sepsis 5% e hipoxia neonatal 7.5%. Se presento unicamente 1 caso de corioamnionitis y no hubo morbilidad puerperal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , History, 20th Century , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/classification , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/diagnosis , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/mortality , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/therapy , Colombia
19.
Ginecol. obstet. Méx ; 56: 339-42, abr. 1988. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-72036

ABSTRACT

Del 1§ de noviembre de 1987 al 31 de enero de 1988 se estudiaron 60 pacientes con embarzo de término y diagnóstico obvio de ruptura prematura de membranas (RPM). De manera aleatoria a un grupo se les administró antibiótico como profilaxis y al otro no. Del total sólo se presentaron dos casos de morbilidad infecciosa, uno en cada grupo. Se concluye que en embarazos de término, complicados por RPM sin otros factores de riesgos agregados, los antibióticos administrados como profilaxis, no modifican la frecuencia de morbilidad infecciosa puerperal


Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Female , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/drug therapy
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