Health outcomes of the bolsa família program among Brazilian Amazonian children

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE One of the primary objectives of Brazil's conditional cash transfer program, Bolsa Família, is to break the intergenerational transmission of poverty by improving human capital via conditionalities. In this study, we hypothesized that health indicators of Bolsa Família participants would be comparable to those of other local children who were nonparticipants after two years of follow-up in the city of Acrelândia, Acre state, Western Brazilian Amazon. METHODS Data from a population-based longitudinal study were analyzed to examine school enrollment, vaccination coverage, height and body mass index for age z-scores, and biomarkers of micronutrient deficiencies (iron and vitamin A) between Bolsa Família participants (n = 325) and nonparticipants (n = 738). RESULTS Out of 1063 children 10 years and younger included in the 2007 baseline survey, 805 had anthropometric measurements and 402 had biochemical indicators in the 2009 follow-up survey. Prevalence rate ratio (PRR) for non-enrollment in school at 4 years of age was 0.58 (95%CI: 0.34-1.02) when comparing Bolsa Família participants with nonparticipants. No difference was found for vaccination coverage, which was insufficient for most vaccine-preventable diseases. Bolsa Família participants were less likely to show a positive change in body mass index for age z-scores compared with nonparticipants (PRR = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.70-0.95), while a positive change in height for age z-scores was similar in the groups. No differences in micronutrient deficiencies were found between groups after 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Early school enrollment and consistent nutritional indicators between Bolsa Família participants and nonparticipants suggest Bolsa Família was facilitating similarities between groups over time.

Health profile differences between recipients and non-recipients of the Brazilian Income Transfer Program in a low-income population / Diferenças no perfil de saúde entre beneficiários e não-beneficiários do programa Bolsa Família em uma população de baixa renda / Diferencias en el perfil de salud entre beneficiarios y no-beneficiarios del programa Bolsa Familia en una población con bajos ingresos

Abstract: We investigated the relationship between living in a household that receives the Brazilian Income Transfer Program (Bolsa Família, in Portuguese - BF), a Brazilian conditional cash transfer program, and aspects of health and whether these relationships are heterogeneous across the 27 Brazilian states. According to data from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey, 18% of households participated in BF. Among households with household per capita income below BRL 500, many aspects of health differed between people living in BF and non-BF houses. For example, BF households were less likely to have medical coverage but more likely to have visited the doctor in the last 12 months as well as being more likely to smoke and less likely to do exercise. They ate nearly one less serving of fruits and vegetables a week but were less likely to substitute junk food for a meal. They reported worse self-rated health but did not differ importantly on reporting illnesses. Moderate amounts of heterogeneity in the difference in health characteristics were found for some variables. For instance, medical coverage had an I2 value of 40.7% and the difference in coverage between BF and non-BF households ranged from -0.09 to -0.03. Some illnesses differed qualitatively across states such as high cholesterol, asthma and arthritis. This paper is the first to outline the health profile of people living in households receiving payments from a cash transfer program. It is also the first to find geographic heterogeneity in the relationship between a cash transfer program and health variables. These results suggest the possibility that the effect of cash transfer programs may differ based on the population on which it is implemented.

Resumo: Os autores investigaram a relação entre pertencimento a uma família beneficiária do programa Bolsa Família (BF) e características de saúde, e se tais relações são heterogêneas, comparando os 26 estados e Distrito Federal, Brasil. De acordo como dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013, 18% dos domicílios brasileiros participavam do BF. Entre as famílias com renda per capita abaixo de R$ 500,00, havia diferenças entre diversas características de saúde, comparando pessoas de famílias beneficiárias e não beneficiárias do BF. Por exemplo, pessoas de famílias matriculadas no BF mostraram menor probabilidade de ter cobertura médica, mas maior probabilidade de haverem consultado um médico nos últimos 12 meses, além de maior probabilidade de serem fumantes e menor probabilidade de serem fisicamente ativas. Consumiam quase uma porção a menos de frutas e verduras por semana, mas tinham menor probabilidade de substituir refeições com lanches. Apresentavam pior percepção da própria saúde, mas não mostravam diferenças importantes no relato de doenças. Houve uma heterogeneidade moderada nas características de saúde em relação a algumas variáveis. Por exemplo, a cobertura de saúde mostrou um valor de I2 de 40,7%, enquanto a diferença de cobertura entre famílias com e sem BF variou entre 0,09 e -0,03. Houve diferenças qualitativas entre estados em relação a algumas doenças, tais como hipercolesterolemia, asma e artrite. Este estudo foi o primeiro a definir o perfil de saúde de pessoas em famílias beneficiárias do BF. Também é o primeiro a encontrar uma heterogeneidade geográfica na relação entre o programa e variáveis de saúde. Os resultados sugerem que o efeito de um programa de renda mínima pode variar de acordo com a população na qual é implementado.

Resumen: Investigamos la relación entre vivir en un hogar que recibe ayudas del programa Bolsa Familia (BF), programa brasileño de transferencia monetaria condicionada, y aspectos de salud, además de estudiar si estas relaciones son heterogéneas entre los 27 estados brasileños. De acuerdo con los datos de 2013 en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña, un 18% de los hogares participaron en BF. Entre los hogares con unos ingresos per cápita por debajo de BRL 500, muchos aspectos de salud difirieron entre la gente que vivía en hogares con BF y sin BF. Por ejemplo, los hogares con BF fueron menos propensos a contar cobertura médica, pero era más probable que hubieran visitado al doctor en los últimos 12 meses, al igual que más probabilidad de fumar y menos propensos a hacer ejercicio. Comían frutas y verduras menos de casi una vez a la semana y eran menos propensos a sustituir la comida basura por una comida. Informaban de una peor salud autoevaluada, pero no difieren significativamente respecto a las enfermedades relatadas. Se encontraron algunas variables de heterogeneidad en cantidades moderadas, respecto a la diferencia en las características de salud. Por ejemplo, la cobertura médica tenía una cobertura con un valor I2 de 40,7% y la diferencia en la cobertura entre hogares con BF y no-BF oscilaba en un rango de -0.09 a -0.03. Algunas enfermedades se diferenciaban cualitativamente entre estados como el colesterol alto, asma y artritis. Este trabajo es el primero en resaltar el perfil de salud de la gente que vive en hogares que reciben pagos del programa brasileño de transferencia monetaria condicionada. Asimismo, es el primero en encontrar una heterogeneidad geográfica en la relación entre el programa brasileño de transferencia monetaria condicionada y variables de salud. Estos resultados sugieren la posibilidad de que el efecto del programa brasileño de transferencia monetaria condicionada puede ser diferente en función de la población en la que se implementa.

Improving access to drugs by poor households through a cost sharing drug scheme: a wealth ranking approach.

In Nepal lack of drugs in government health institutions has markedly reduced access to essential drugs by poor patients. Despite the implementation of a drug scheme with adequate availability of drugs and with provision of fee exemption for the poor, the poorest people still had no access to drugs. We carried out a wealth ranking process to identify poorest of the poor households in a village. Each of the poorest household was provided with a free treatment card and information about the availability of free service at the local health post. Baseline and post intervention data on service utilisation and prescribing practices were collected using carbon copies of prescriptions. Data were also collected about the attitude of patients, using qualitative interviews. About 1.8% of the total annual patient visits to the Health Post were from cardholder households. The annual health post utilization rate for the poor patients was about 1.2, whereas among other patients it was 0.7. On average, about 2.4 drugs were prescribed to any of the cardholder patients, and 50.8% of prescriptions included at least one antibiotic drug. No injection was prescribed. Within 18 months, the total fee exemption provided to a poorest household was equivalent to about US dollars 1.6. Since the method is valued by local people, and is also feasible to implement through the communities' efforts, it is recommended to initiate it in other drug scheme areas as well.