ABSTRACT
The individual and interactive effects of supplemental UV-B (sUV-B) (ambient + 7.2 kJ m-2 d-1) and elevated O3 (ambient + 10 ppb) were evaluated under field conditions using open top chambers on two cultivars, Padmini and T-397 of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Mean monthly surface level of O3 concentrations varied from 27.7 ppb to 59.0 ppb during the experimental period. Both UV-B and O3 induced the production of ROS (H2O2 and O2.-), resulting in significant damage of membranes due to lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. Synthesis of secondary metabolites (flavonoids, anthocyanin, lignin and wax) was also enhanced in all the treatments, whereas biomass and yield were reduced. Alterations in frequency of stomata and wax distribution were also observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cultivar Padmini was found to be more sensitive because of higher damage of membrane vis-a-vis reduction in biomass and seed yield. However, concentrations of flavonoids, anthocyanin, lignin and wax were higher in T-397, suggesting its relative resistance against applied stress. Combined exposure of sUV-B and O3 was less harmful, as compared to their individual treatment. Among the three treatments, O3 was found to be more detrimental for overall growth and sUV-B for economic yield.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects , Adaptation, Physiological/radiation effects , Anthocyanins/metabolism , Biomass , Flax/drug effects , Flax/metabolism , Flax/physiology , Flax/radiation effects , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Lignin/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Lipid Peroxidation/radiation effects , Ozone/pharmacology , Plant Leaves/drug effects , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Plant Leaves/radiation effects , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Stress, Physiological/drug effects , Stress, Physiological/radiation effects , Superoxides/metabolism , Surface Properties , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects , Waxes/metabolismABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the prolonged consumption of flaxseed minimize the factors that trigger MS in healthy rats. METHODS: Pregnant rats were divided immediately after delivery into two groups during the lactation period, a control group (CG) receiving casein-based diet with 17% of protein, and a Flaxseed group (FG) with casein-based diet plus 25% of flaxseed. At weaning, 12 offspring of each group continued to receive the same feed but with 10% of protein up to 200 days old. RESULTS: FG showed a significant reduction in body weight (p=0.001), total cholesterol levels (p<0.0001), triglycerides (p=0.0001), and glucose (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The flaxseed alters the indicators related to development of metabolic syndrome, because it has beneficial effects on lipids and glucose profiles and prevents the excess of body weight gain.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o consumo prolongado de linhaça pode minimizar os fatores que desencadeiam síndrome metabólica em ratos fêmeas saudáveis. MÉTODOS: Ratos fêmeas grávidas foram distribuidas após o parto em dois grupos durante o período de lactação: grupo controle (GC) recebendo dieta à base de caseína com 17% de proteína, e um grupo Linhaça (GL), com dieta à base de caseína adicionada de 25% de semente de linhaça. Ao desmame, 12 filhotes de cada grupo continuaram a receber as rações citadas acima, porém com 10% de proteína, até os 200 dias de vida. RESULTADOS: O GL mostrou uma redução significativa do peso corporal (p=0,001), no colesterol total (p<0,0001), triglicerídeos (p=0,0001) e na glicemia (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A linhaça altera os indicadores relacionados ao desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica por ter efeitos benéficos no perfil lipídico e glicêmico, e previne o excesso de ganho de peso corporal.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Rats , Flax/metabolism , Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control , Body Weight , Caseins/administration & dosage , Cholesterol/metabolism , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Lactation/metabolism , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Triglycerides/metabolismABSTRACT
Background: Actin cytoskeleton is involved in actin-based cell adhesion, cell motility, and matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) MMP2, MMP9, MMP11 and MMP14 are responsible for cell invasion in breast cancer metastasis. The dietary intake of lignan from flax seed gets converted to enterolactone (EL) and enterodiol in the human system. Here we show that the enterolactone has a very significant anti-metastatic activity as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit adhesion and invasion and migration in MCF-7 and MDA MB231 cell lines. Materials and Methods: Migration inhibition assay, actin-based cell motility assay along with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for MMP2, MMP9, MMP11 and MMP14 genes were performed in MCF-7 and MDA MB 231 cell lines. Results: Enterolactone seems to inhibit actin-based cell motility as evidenced by confocal imaging and photo documentation of cell migration assay. The results are supported by the observation that the enterolactone in vitro significantly down-regulates the metastasis-related metalloproteinases MMP2, MMP9 and MMP14 gene expressions. No significant alteration in the MMP11 gene expression was found. Conclusions: Therefore we suggest that the anti-metastatic activity of EL is attributed to its ability to inhibit cell adhesion, cell invasion and cell motility. EL affects normal filopodia and lamellipodia structures, polymerization of actin filaments at their leading edges and thereby inhibits actin-based cell adhesion and cell motility. The process involves multiple force-generating mechanisms of actin filaments i.e. protrusion, traction, deadhesion and tail-retraction. By down-regulating the metastasis-related MMP2, MMP9 and MMP14 gene expressions, EL may be responsible for cell invasion step of metastasis.
Subject(s)
4-Butyrolactone/analogs & derivatives , 4-Butyrolactone/pharmacology , Actin Cytoskeleton/drug effects , Breast Neoplasms/diet therapy , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Cell Movement/drug effects , Female , Flax/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Humans , Lignans/administration & dosage , Lignans/metabolism , Lignans/pharmacology , MCF-7 Cells , Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Neoplasm MetastasisABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Verificar as possíveis atividades biológicas causadas pelo consumo diário de linhaça em diferentes condições de preparo, em ratos Wistar machos recém-desmamados. MÉTODOS: Os ratos recém-desmamados (n=32) foram divididos em 4 grupos de 8 animais: ração padrão; ração com 16 por cento de grão de linhaça cru; ração com 16 por cento de grão de linhaça assado; e ração com 7 por cento de óleo de linhaça. Os animais foram pesados a cada três dias e, após 23 dias de período experimental, foram sacrificados por punção cardíaca, sendo os órgãos imediatamente pesados e o sangue coletado e armazenado a -18ºC para realização das análises (glicose, colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade - colesterol, triglicerídios e proteínas totais). As fezes foram coletadas para a determinação de umidade, lipídeo excretado e lipídeo absorvido. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto ao ganho de peso total, consumo diário, coeficiente de eficácia alimentar e peso dos órgãos. A excreção diária, o teor de umidade das fezes e a quantidade de lipídeo fecal foram maiores nos grupos linhaça cru e linhaça assada em comparação aos grupos padrão e óleo de linhaça. Com exceção do lipoproteína de alta densidade-colesterol, todos os demais parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo de linhaça, seja como grão cru, assado ou óleo, possui atividade biológica em ratos, destacando-se por reduzir os níveis de glicose, triglicerídios e colesterol. Além disso, o consumo do grão de linhaça aumentou significativamente o volume do bolo fecal e a excreção de lipídeos nas fezes.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) prepared by different methods on the biological response of rats. METHODS: Weaned rats (n=32) were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each: standard feed, standard feed with 16 percent raw flaxseed, standard feed with 16 percent roasted flaxseed and standard feed with 7 percent flaxseed oil. The animals were weighted at every 3 days and after 23 days, rats were killed by heart puncture. The organs were immediately weighed and the blood was collected and stored at -18ºC for biochemical assays (blood glucose, total cholesterol, High density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride and total protein). The feces were collected for analysis of moisture, excreted lipids and absorbed lipids. RESULTS: The groups did not differ with respect to weight gain, daily food intake, food efficiency ratio and organ weight. Daily excretion, feces moisture and fecal lipid content were greater in the groups fed raw and roasted flaxseed than in the groups fed standard feed and flaxseed oil. Except for high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, all other biochemical parameters presented statistical differences between treatments. CONCLUSION: Raw or roasted flaxseed or flaxseed oil has biological activity in rats: it reduces blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, rats fed raw and roasted flaxseed presented a significantly greater fecal volume and fecal lipid content.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Food Analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Flax/metabolism , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
The protein quality of a flaxseed diet was evaluated by biological methods. Forty-eight recently weaned male Wistar rats with 21 days of life and average weight of 42 g were randomly divided in 4 groups (n=12) and were fed, respectively, with a diet based on flaxseed added with casein (flaxseed group), casein alone (control group), casein with bigger concentration of oil and fibers to be compared to the flaxseed diet (modified control group) and a diet free of protein (non protein group). Animal weight, food and protein consumption were registered every other day to obtain the values for the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Food Efficiency Ratio and Net Protein Ratio (NPR). At the end of the experiment, the nutritional value of the flaxseed diet was inside the reference values for protein quality; however, it was not equivalent to the casein diet.
La calidad proteica de una dieta a base de linaza fue evaluada por medio de métodos biológicos. Fueron usados 48 Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, machos, con 21 días de vida, recién destetadas y con peso promedio de 42g. Los animales fueron divididos en 4 grupos (n=12) que recibieron, respectivamente, dieta a base de linaza adicionada de caseína, caseína, caseína con mayor concentración de aceite y fibras para equipararse a la dieta de linaza y dieta libre de proteína. Cada dos días fueron registrados el peso animal, el consumo de alimento y de proteína para aplicación de los métodos de evaluación biológica Razón de Eficiencia Proteica (PER), Coeficiente de Eficiencia Alimentaria (CEA) y Razón Proteica Neta (NPR). Al final del experimento, el valor nutricional de la dieta de linaza estuvo dentro de los valores de referencia de calidad proteica, pero no fue equivalente al de la dieta a base de caseína.