Sincronização folicular e vascularização do folículo dominante em novilhas mestiças tratadas com estradiol / Follicle synchronization and changes in vascularization of the dominantfollicle in crossbred heifers after estradiol treatment

Avaliou-se a sincronização folicular e vascularização na parede do folículo dominante (FD) após o tratamento com Cipionato (CE) ou Benzoato de estradiol (BE). No Experimento 1, 45 novilhas receberam implante de P4 (1,0g) e foram distribuídas em 3 grupos de acordo com éster de estradiol administrado pela via intramuscular: 1mL salina; 0,5mg CE ou 2,0mg BE. O diâmetro do FD e a emergência folicular (EF) foram monitorados por 5 dias. No experimento 2, D0 (dia 0): 30 novilhas receberam implante de P4 e 2,0mg BE; D8, retirada do implante e 0,5mg de prostaglandina (cloprostenol); D9: tratamentos: 1mL salina; 0,5mg CE ou 1,0mg BE. O diâmetro e a vascularização do FD foram monitorados do D8 ao D10. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis, e as médias comparadas por Tukey (5%). No experimento 1, a EF ocorreu mais tarde (P 0,0013) no grupo BE (4,3±0,8 vs. 3,5±0,8d). No experimento 2, o fluxo sanguíneo do FD aumentou (P 0,001) 24h após o tratamento com BE. A taxa de ovulação foi semelhante (P>0,05) entre os grupos (80,0, 70,0 e 55,5%, BE, CE e salina). Conclui-se que nas concentrações utilizadas, o BE, no início do protocolo, retardou a EF e, no final do protocolo, promoveu uma melhor sincronia do FD demonstrada pela elevação do fluxo sanguíneo.

The study aimed to evaluate synchronization and blood flow of the dominant follicle (DF) after estradiol cypionate (EC) or benzoate(EB) treatment. In experiment 1, progesterone (P4) implants (1.0g) were inserted in 45 heifers, which were given 1mL saline,0.5mg EC or 2.0mg EB. The diameter of the DF and follicle emergence (FE) were recorded for 5 days. For experiment 2, 30 heiferswere given: D0 (day 0): P4 implant and 2.0mg EB; D8: implant removal and 0.5mg of prostaglandin (cloprostenol). On D9, theywere assigned in 1mL saline, 0.5mg EC or 1.0mg EB. From D8 to D10, the diameter and blood flow of the DF was monitored.Data were analyzed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test, and compared by Tukey (5%). In experiment 1, the FE occurred later(P0.05) between groups (80.0, 70.0 and 55.5%, EB, EC and saline). The interpretation was that,in these concentrations, the EB, at the beginning, delayed FE and, at the end of the protocol, promoted a better synchrony of theDF, confirmed by the increase of the blood flow.

Ovarian folliculogenesis in collared peccary: Pecari tajacu (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae)

The sustainability and production of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) has been studied in the last few years; however, further information on its reproduction is necessary for breeding systems success. Understanding folliculogenesis aspects will contribute to effective reproductive biotechniques, which are useful in the preservation and production of wildlife. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ovarian folliculogenesis in collared peccary. Ovaries from six adult females of collared peccary were obtained through ovariectomy and analyzed. These were fixed in aqueous Bouin’s solution and sectioned into 7μm slices, stained with hematoxilin-eosin and analyzed by light microscopy. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles per ovary was estimated using the Fractionator Method. The follicles, oocytes and oocyte nuclei were measured using an ocular micrometer. Results showed that the length, width, thickness, weight, and the gross anatomy of the right and left ovaries were not significantly different. However, the mean number of corpora lutea was different between the phases of the estrous cycle (p<0.05), with the highest mean in the luteal phase. Primordial follicles were found in the cortex; the oocytes were enveloped by a single layer of flattened follicular cells. In the primary follicles, proliferation of the follicular cells gave rise to cuboidal cells (granulosa cells). The secondary follicle was characterized by two or more concentric layers of cuboidal cells (granulosa), beginning of antrum formation, and the presence of pellucid zone and theca cells. Antral follicles were characterized by a central cavity (antrum), the presence of cumulus oophorus and theca layers (interna and externa). In the right ovary, the values of the primordial and primary follicles were similar, but significantly different from the secondary ones (p<0.05). In the left ovary, significant differences were observed between all follicles in the follicular phase (p<0.05); the mean number of primordial and primary follicles was similar in the luteal phase. The mean number of pre-antral follicles and antral follicles in the follicular phase was higher in the left ovary (p<0.05). The mean number of antral follicles in the luteal phase was similar in both ovaries. We also found significant differences in mean diameter of preantral follicles, oocyte, granulosa layer and oocyte nucleus during the estrous cycle. In the antral follicles a significant difference was observed only in follicular diameter (p<0.05). The predominance of active primordial and primary follicles was found in both phases; otherwise the secondary follicles and antral follicles showed a high degree of degeneration. The results obtained in the present work will strengthen the development of biotechnology programs to improve the productive potential and conservation of the collared peccary.

La sustentabilidad y la producción de pecarí de collar (Pecari tajacu) han sido estudiados en los últimos años, sin embargo, más información sobre su reproducción es necesaria para el éxito de los sistemas de crianza . La comprensión de los aspectos relacionados con la foliculogénesis contribuirá con la aplicación de biotécnicas de reproducción, las cuales son útiles en la preservación y la producción de la vida silvestre. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener datos sobre la población folicular del ovario de pecarí de collar. En relación con la población folicular en el ovario derecho, los valores de los folículos primordiales y primarios fueron similares, pero se observó que había una diferencia significativa (p<0.05) con el secundario. En el ovario izquierdo, la fase folicular presentó diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre todos los folículos, y en la fase lútea el número medio de folículos primordiales y primarios fueron similares. Ahora bien, con respecto a la población de folículos antrales, en la fase folicular, se observaron diferencias significativas entre los ovarios (p<0.05), y de forma similar en la fase lútea. También se encontraron diferencias significativas en el diámetro medio de los folículos preantrales, oocitos, la capa granulosa y el núcleo del oocito durante las fases del ciclo estral. Asimismo, en los folículos antrales se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0.05) en el diámetro folicular. En ambas fases del ciclo estral, se encontró el predominio de folículos primordiales y primarios en desarrollo, por otro lado, los folículos secundarios y los folículos antrales mostraron un alto grado de degeneración. Los resultados aquí presentes son necesarios para el desarrollo de los programas de mejoramiento y conservación.

Influence of female hormonal fluctuation on maximum occlusal force

Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle may influence on muscular tensions and probably alter occlusal force. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hormonal levels affect maximum occlusal force (MOF) of healthy women throughout the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Sixty complete dentate subjects who were not under use of oral contraceptives were selected to participate in this study. MOF was bilaterally evaluated on the molar region, during 3 complete menstrual cycles, using 5.65 mm-wide sensors. Measurements were carried out during each of the following menstrual cycle phases: menstrual, follicular, periovulatory and luteal, presumed by ovulation test. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test (p<0.05). Comparisons among menstrual cycle phases showed no differences on MOF (p=0.27). Under the conditions of this study, it may be concluded that hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle do not affect MOF of a sample of healthy women.

As flutuações hormonais durante o ciclo menstrual podem influenciar as tensões musculares e possivelmente alterar a força oclusal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se os níveis hormonais afetam a força máxima oclusal (FMO) de mulheres saudáveis durante as diferentes fases do ciclo menstrual. Sessenta pacientes completamente dentadas que não usavam contraceptivos orais foram selecionadas para participar neste estudo. FMO foi avaliada bilateralmente na região dos molares, durante 3 ciclos menstruais completos, utilizando sensores de 5,65 mm de espessura. As mensurações foram realizadas durante cada fase do ciclo menstrual: menstrual, folicular e lútea periovulatória, identificadas por teste ovulatório. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA um critério seguido do teste de Tukey-Kramer (p<0,05). As comparações entre as fases do ciclo menstrual não apresentaram diferenças na FMO (p=0,27). Segundo as condições deste estudo, pode-se concluir que as flutuações hormonais durante o ciclo menstrual não afetaram a FMO de mulheres saudáveis.

Función hormonal y flujo sanguíneo útero-ovárico en pacientes sometidos a salpingectomía / Hormonal function and uterine and ovary blood flow in patients under salpingectomy

El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar los efectos de la salpingectomía sobre la función hormonal y el flujo sanguíneo útero-ovárico. Se incluyeron 33 mujeres sanas con ciclos menstruales regulares. La salpingectomía fue realizada inmediatamente en los 5 días siguientes a la menstruación. Se tomaron muestras de sangre venosa para determinar las concentraciones de las hormonas folículo estimulante y luteinizante, estradiol y progesterona antes y luego de 3 meses de la cirugía. El flujo sanguíneo fue evaluado usando Doppler color y de pulso para medir el índice de resistencia, índice de pulsatilidad y velocidad sistólica pico en la vasculatura ovárica y las arterias uterinas. Se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo en las concentraciones de hormonas folículo estimulante y luteinizante después de 3 meses de la salpingectomía (P<0,05). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en las concentraciones de estradiol y progesterona (P=ns). Se observaron variaciones estadísticas significativas en los valores de velocidad sistólica pico, índice de resistencia e índice de pulsatilidad de la arteria ovárica al comparar los valores antes y 3 meses después de la salpingectomia (P<0,05). También se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo en el volumen de los ovarios después de 3 meses de la cirugía (P<0,05). Se concluye que luego de 3 meses, la salpingectomía produce cambios en las concentraciones de gonadotropinas, tamaño de los ovarios y en los parámetros ecográficos Doppler de las arterias ováricas

The objetive of research was to compare the effects of salpingectomy over hormonal function and uterine and ovary blood flow. Thirty-three healthy women with normal menstrual cycles were included. Salpingectomy was performed immediately in five days following menstruation. A venous blood sample was taken to determine folicular stimulant and luteinizant hormones, estradiol and progesterone before and after three months of surgery. Bood flow was evaluated using color and pulse Doppler to measure resistance index, pulsatility index and peak systolic flow in ovary vasculare and uterine artery. There were statically significant increased in folicular stimulant and luteinizant hormones concentrations after three months of salpingectomy (P<0.05). There were not significant differences in estradiol and progesterone concentrations (P=ns). There were statistically significant variations in values of peak systolic flow, resistance index and pulsatility index of ovarian arteries when values before and three moths after salpingectomy were compared (P<0.05). There was also a statistically significant increase in ovary volume after three months of surgery (P=0.05). It is concluded that after three months, salpingectomy produces changes in gonadotropins concentrations, ovary size and ultrasound Doppler parameters of ovarian artery

Efeitos da endotelina-1 sobre a esteroidogênese e o crescimento celular em cultura de células da granulosa de bovinos / Endothelin-1 effects on steroidogenesis and cellular growth of bovine granulosa cells culture

Além do controle neuroendócrino do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisáriogonadal existem fatores autócrinos e parácrinos que controlam o crescimento, seleção e ovulação nos mamíferos. Estes fatores ainda não estão bem estabelecidos. Objetivando analisar as variações nas concentrações plasmáticas da endotelina-1 em um ciclo estral bovino e seus efeitos sobre o cultivo de células da granulosa, foram analisadas amostras plasmáticas de 5 dias (0, 1, 3, 7 e 13) de um ciclo estral, tendo como base o dia da ovulação (dia 0) e 3 horas (8, 13 e 16) do 14º dia do ciclo. As variações nas concentrações plasmáticas de endotelina-1 não foram significativas para os dias assim como para as horas do dia analisado. Células da granulosa obtidas de folículos antrais foram cultivadas durante 48 horas com diferentes concentrações de endotelina. Os resultados demonstraram que a endotelina atua de maneira dosedependente estimulando a produção de progesterona e inibindo o crescimento celular.

Besides the neuroendocrine control of the hypotalamic-hypophisarygonodal axis there are autocrines and paracrines factors that control the growth, selection and ovulation in the mammals. These factors are not well established yet. Aiming to analyze the variations in the endotelin-1plasmatic concentrations in a bovine estral cycle and their effects on the culture of granulosa cells, plasma samples of 5 days (0,1,3,7 and 13) from an estral cycle have been analyzed, having as basis the ovulation day (day 0) and 3 hours (8,13,16) of the fourteenth day of the cycle. The variations in the endothelin-1 concentrations were not significant for the days as well as for the hours of the analyzed day. Granulosa cells obtained from antral follicles were cultivated during 24 hours with different concentrations of endothelin. The results demonstrated that the endothelin-1 acts in a dose-dependent manner stimulating the production of progesterone and inhibiting the cellular growth.

Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle increases sweating rate during exercise

The present study evaluated whether the luteal phase elevation of body temperature would be offset during exercise by increased sweating, when women are normally hydrated. Eleven women performed 60 min of cycling exercise at 60 percent of their maximal work load at 32°C and 80 percent relative air humidity. Each subject participated in two identical experimental sessions: one during the follicular phase (between days 5 and 8) and the other during the luteal phase (between days 22 and 25). Women with serum progesterone >3 ng/mL, in the luteal phase were classified as group 1 (N = 4), whereas the others were classified as group 2 (N = 7). Post-exercise urine volume (213 ± 80 vs 309 ± 113 mL) and specific urine gravity (1.008 ± 0.003 vs 1.006 ± 0.002) changed (P < 0.05) during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase in group 1. No menstrual cycle dependence was observed for these parameters in group 2. Sweat rate was higher (P < 0.05) in the luteal (3.10 ± 0.81 g m-2 min-1) than in the follicular phase (2.80 ± 0.64 g m-2 min-1) only in group 1. During exercise, no differences related to menstrual cycle phases were seen in rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, mean skin temperature, and pre- and post-exercise body weight. Women exercising in a warm and humid environment with water intake seem to be able to adapt to the luteal phase increase of basal body temperature through reduced urinary volume and increased sweating rate.

Actividad ovárica del tepezcuintle Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) en cautiverio / Ovarian activity of Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) under captivity

The ovarian activity of Agouti paca was characterized by hormonal profiles and ovarian structures. Samples of blood were taken from eight females (seven adults and one juvenile) at the breeding grounds of the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia in Yucatsn, Mexico. Sampling lasted approximately two months and was done every three and six days. Blood was collected from anesthetized animals, and the levels of progesterone (P4) and 17 beta estradiol (E2) were analized by radioimmunoassay technique. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were carried out in ovaries of dead animals. The estrous cycle lasted 29+/-8.4 days, levels of 1.61+/-0.65 ng/ml for P4 and 39+/-24 pg/ml for E2 were observed for a follicular phase, 6.18+/-3.70 ng/ml and 29+/-16 pg/ml for P4 and E2 respectively in the luteal phase. Statistically significant differences were found between phases for P4 but not for E2. The presence of extragonadal steroids with levels of P4 of 1.9+/-0.77 ng/ml and E2 of 22+/-17 pg/ml were observed, which are not produced by the effects of managing stress. The changes in the levels of P4 during the cycle are indicators of luteal activity, with the intersticial tissue acting probably as active steroids-producing gland. Follicular growth was observed during the entire cycle.

Se caracterizó la actividad ovárica de A. paca por medio de perfiles hormonales y estructuras ováricas. Se muestrearon ocho hembras (siete adultas y una juvenil) en el criadero de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en el estado de Yucatán, México, durante aproximadamente dos meses. Se recolectaron muestras sanguíneas cada 3 y 6 días en animales anestesiados. Se estimaron los niveles de progesterona (P4) y 17 beta estradiol (E2) sanguíneos por radioinmunoanálisis. Las estructuras ováricas de animales muertos durante el periodo de muestreo fueron analizadas macro y microscópicamente. El ciclo ovárico duró 29±8.4 días, con niveles de 1.61±0.65 ng/ml para P4 y de 39±24 pg/ml para E2 durante la fase folicular, y de 6.18±3.70 ng/ml y 29±16 pg/ml para P4 y E2 respectivamente, en la fase luteal. Hubo diferencias (p<0.05) en los niveles de P4 entre las fases folicular y luteal, no así para E2. Se detectó la presencia de esteroides extragonadales, con niveles de 1.9±0.77 ng/ ml para P4 y de 22±17 pg/ml para E2, los cuales no son secretados por efecto del estrés por manejo. Los cambios en los niveles de P4 durante el ciclo son indicadores de actividad luteal, funcionando el tejido intersticial probablemente como una glándula productora de esteroides. De igual forma se observó que el crecimiento folicular ocurre durante todo el ciclo.

Cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal incremental exercise are not affected by one night's sleep deprivation during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of one night's sleep deprivation on the cardiorespiratory responses to exercise during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. We have studied nine, healthy females aged 24-35 years with regular menstrual cycles. Each subject performed spirometric tests at rest and then an incremental exercise testing during 11-13 days of follicular phase and 22-24 days of luteal phase following one normal night's sleep or one night's sleep loss. Compared with resting values exercise produced significant increases in cardiorespiratory variables including oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (VE), systolic blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and respiratory quotient (R). However, it did not alter significantly diastolic blood pressure, end-tidal PO2 (PETO2), end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). Spirometric variables which include forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC%, forced expiratory volume in three s (FEV3), forced expired flow from 25-75% of FVC (FEF 25-75%), forced expired flow at 25% of FVC (FEF 25%), forced expired flow at 50% of FVC (FEF 50%), forced expired flow at 75% of FVC (FEF 75%), forced expired flow from 75-85% of FVC (FEF 75-85%), peak expiratory flow (PEF), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), inspiratory capacity (IC) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) and cardiorespiratory variables were not different between the cycle phases after one normal night's sleep or one night's sleep deprivation. Neither menstrual cycle phase nor sleep deprivation affected spirometric and cardiorespiratory parameters. We suggest that one night's sleep deprivation does not produce alterations in spirometric parameters and cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal incremental exercise during the follicular and luteal phases.

Randomized trial comparing bleeding after loop excision of transformation zone in either follicular or luteal phase

This randomized controlled study was carried out to compare the outcomes of perioperative bleeding between patients treated by loop electrosurgical excision procedure of transformation zone of cervix during either the follicular [35 women] or luteal phase [37 women] of the menstrual cycle. The two groups did not differ in terms of, grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, depth of excision, parity, and duration of menses. Those women treated during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle experienced more postoperative bleeding [p < 0. 05]. They also experienced significantly more postoperative bleeding as assessed by the fall in hematocrit level. Those women also experienced significantly higher levels of anxiety postoperatively, which resulted in more consultations with the medical staff: It was concluded that doing the procedure during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle resulted in less bleeding and less anxiety of the patient

Correlation between human follicular diameter and oocyte recovery, metaphase II oocytes and fertilization rate in intracytoplasmic sperm injection programs.

This prospective study was undertaken to establish the correlation between the follicular diameter, oocyte recovery, metaphase II (MII) oocyte, and fertilization rate in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) programs. Thirty one patients undergoing 31 ICSI cycles from August 1998 to January 1999 at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital were studied. The patients were stimulated with either short or long GnRHa portocol. During transvaginal aspiration of follicles, follicular diameters were measured. The maturation stage of oocytes and fertilization rate were evaluated. Four hundred and seventy eight follicles were measured and classified into 3 groups, group A (<10 mm), group B (10-14 mm) and group C (>14 mm). The oocyte recovery rate and MII oocytes were different between groups A, B, and C but the fertilization rate was not different. In conclusion, the follicular diameter correlated with oocyte recovery and oocyte maturation but not with the fertilization rate in ICSI programs. The quality of embryos was lower in oocytes from small follicles.

Hipersecreçäo do hormônio luteinizante / Hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone

O hormônio luteinizante (LH), glicoproteína estruturada em duas subunidades com 121 aminoácidos e 4 sítios de glicosilaçäo, é sintetizado pelos gonadotropos hipofisários de modo pulsátil, em resposta aos pulsos de GnRH. Na foliculogênese o LH estimula a síntese basal de progesterona pelos folículos antrais menores que 7mm e de androstenediona e testosterona, de modo crescente, nos folículos maiores. No folículo dominante, que contém agora receptores para o LH nas células da granulosa, esta gonadotrofina induz a luteinizaçäo, atenuaçäo da enzima P450 17 e a síntese de progesterona. O pico de LH no meio do ciclo reinicia e completa a primeira divisäo meiótica, inibe o inibidor da maturaçäo do oocisto e estimula a síntese de prostaglandinas e proteínas líticas responsáveis pela extrusäo física do oocisto. A hipersecreçäo do LH na fase folicular inicial afeta a maturaçäo do oocisto, acelera o consumo dos oocistos e está relacionada com baixas taxas de fertilizaçäo, esterilidade e a altas taxas de abortamentos espontâneos. Os mecanismos responsáveis pela hipersecreçäo incluem as alteraçöes na pulsatilidade, a elevaçäo precoce do inibidor da maturaçäo do oocisto, deficiência do fator atenuador do pico de LH e alteraçöes nos moduladores intragonadais da açäo do LH

Status of pulmonary function tests in adolescent females of Delhi.

Progesterone is known to cause hyperventilation and hypercapnia in the luteal phase of a normal menstrual cycle. Viewing this fact lung functions were measured in 71 girls with a mean age of 14.5 years during their follicular and luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Subjects were grouped into I, II and III depending on the age range. Respiratory functions comprising of FVC, FIVC, TLC, RV/TLC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FRC, PEFR, FEF 25%, FEF 50%, FEF 75%, PIFR, RAW and KST respectively were performed using Spiro 232 of PK Morgan under standardized laboratory settings. The anthropometric parameters such as height, weight and arm span were also recorded. The majority of pulmonary functions reflect better values in luteal phase as compared with follicular phase however, a statistically significant higher results of FVC, FIVC, FEV1, and TLC were noticed in group I and group III. These observations suggest a possible role in increased level of progesterone in luteal phase on respiratory system.

Changes in insulin sensitivity, secretion and glucose effectivenes during menstrual cycle

Background. Several clinical condition suggest an effect of sex steroids on glucose homeostasis in women. Studies examining this phenomenon have yielded controversial results. Methods. To investigate the effect of the menstrul cycle on insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness and acute insulin response to glucose using the tolbutamide-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) during the follicular (day 8 ñ 1) and luteal (day 23 ñ 1) phases of the menstrual cycle, the authors recruited 12 healthy regular menstruating women. All had fasting glucose concentration of < 100 µ/dl (89.7 ñ 6.2) with no family history of diabetes mellitus; their body mass indices were < 25 kg/m² (22.41 ñ 1.44 kg/m²). Results. The mean insulin sensitivity (Si) values decreased during the cycle. Insulin sensitivity (Si X 10-4/min.mU/ml) was higher in the follicular phase (5.03 ñ 0.72) and decreased in the luteal phase (2.22 ñ 0.45) (p< 0.001). Glucose effectivenes (Sg min-1) not change as a function of the phase of the menstrual cycle. Sg estimates were 0.0229 ñ 0.00323 in the follicular phase, and 0.0225 ñ 0.00319 (p= NS) in the luteal phase, respectively. Acute insulin response (AIR mU/ml) was 276.4 ñ in the follicular phase. An adaptative increase (304.4 ñ 51.1) in response to the insulin resistance during the luteal phase was observed, but this increase was not statistically significant (p= NS). Conclusions. Knowledge of the variations in insulin sensitivity that occur during the normal menstrual cycle provides a basis of comparison for studies of other clinical conditions. Also, this phenomenon should be considered if the determination of insulin resistance is the purpose of certain epidemiological studies

Effects of the menstrual cycle on timing and depth of breathing at rest.

Volume and timing components of resting ventilation were measured serially in 40 women aged 18 to 36 yr, during menstrual, follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle. Resting minute ventilation (VE) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in luteal phase than in menstrual and follicular phases; in the two latter phases VE was almost equal. This increment in VE during the luteal phase was due to a significant rise (P < 0.001) in tidal volume (VT). Respiratory frequency (f) was unchanged throughout the cycle. Although there was a mean increases in inspiratory time (T1) during the luteal phase compared to the other two phases, the difference did not reach statistical significance. Duty cycle, T1/Ttot, was also unchanged throughout menstrual cycle. However, mean inspiratory flow, VT/T1, was significantly higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) during luteal phase as compared to that during menstrual or follicular phases respectively. Pulmonary mechanics, as measured by forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced mid expiratory flow rate (FEF25%, 75%), were within normal limits and remained unaltered during the menstrual cycle. Therefore, in the absence of alteration of pulmonary mechanics, the luteal increase in ventilation and inspiratory flow suggests a possible role for progesterone in stimulating the respiratory drive, either centrally or through the peripheral chemoreceptors or by both.

Importância do fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGF) e seu receptor (EGF-R) no tecido endometrial / Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGF-R) importance in the endometrial tissue

Os autores fazem uma revisäo sobre a influência que o EGF e seu receptor (EGF-R) exercem no tecido endometrial, enfocando sua possível regulaçäo pelos esteróides e seus receptores e sua importância nos processos de transformaçäo secretora e de decidualizaçäo.

Contribuiçäo para o estudo do comportamento da prolactina endometrial / Study endometrial prolactin secretion

Com objetivo de verificar o comportamento da prolactina endometrial, foram estudadas 40 mulheres, com média etaria de 28,3 anos e selecionadas por apresentarem os seguintes sintomas : alteraçäo do ciclo menstrual e/ou esterilidade e/ ou galactorreia. As pacientes foram distribuidas entre os seguintes grupos : Grupo G1, dez mulheres hiperprolactinemicas com menstruaçöes regulares ; G2, nove mulheres hiperprolactinemicas com menstruaçöes irregulares; Grupo G3, onze mulheres normoprolactinemicas com menstruaçöes regulares; Grupo G4, dez mulheres normoprolactinemicas com menstruaçöes irregulares. As 40 mulheres foram redistribuidas segundo o padrao endometrial nos seguintes grupos : Grupo G5, mulheres com ciclos ovulatorios e Grupo G6, mulheres com ciclos anovulatórios. Nas pacientes ovulatórias, ainda correlacionaram-se os percentuais de prolactina endometrial com fase lutea adequada e inadequada. Exames laboratoriais foram realizados na fase folicular inicial (do terceiro ao nono dia), fase lutea inicial (do 15. ao 21. dia) e fase lutea tardia ( do 22. ao 29. dia), nas pacientes que menstruavam (1,2 e 3 amostras, respectivamente) e, nas que näo menstruavam, no primeiro, 14 e 21 dia da consulta (1,2 e 3 amostras, respectivamente)...

Changes in lysosomal enzyme activities in pre-ovulatory follicles and endometrium of PMSG superovulated rats

Large superovulatory doses of gonadotrophins result in reduced fertility in laboratory and large domestic animals and it has been postulated that some of the superovulated oocytes are derived from abnormal follicles wich would not ovulate under normal physiological stimuli. Follicular growth, follicular maturation and atresia, ovulation and the nidation of the fertilized oocute require intense tissue remodelation which can be accomplished only through the action of hydrolytic enzymen. We have studied the activities and sub-cellular distribution of three lysosomal ensymes (acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase and ß-glucuronidase) in the follicular fluid, granulosa and theca cells of preovulatory follicles and in the endometrial tissue of immature Wistar rats injected with 4 (control) or 40 (superovulated) IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). Enzyme activities were from four to ten time higher in theca than in granulosa cells. This difference was particularly important in the case of ß-glucuronidase. Large preovulatory follicles tended to have higher activities of lysosomal ensymes in the free fraction of all the compartments studied. This difference was remarkable in theca cells where free enzymes could be required to help ovulation. Forty IU of PMSG induced higher activities of acid phosphatase in theca and granulosa cells than 4 IU, but in endometrial tissue this latter dose of PMSG was more efficient to induce higher activities of this enzyme. The endometrial bound fraction of N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase was almost three times higher than the free activity. This behavior was also observed in endometrial ß-glucosaminidase but only in the control rats. The results observed in follicular fluid were less homogeneous. The activities of glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase were two to three times higher in rats overstimulated with 40 IU of PMSG than int he controls rats, whereas the activities of ß-glucuronidase were lower in the superovulated rats. Our results suggest that alterations in the process of tissue remodeling required for ovulation of mature, normal oocytes and for nidation of the fertilized ovum may be important factors to explain pregnancy failure in the PMSG superovulated female

Efecto de quistes ováricos basales en el estudio del ciclo menstrual e inducción de ovulación / Basal ovarian cysts effect in menstrual cycle study and ovulation induction

Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en pacientes en seguimiento folicular ecográfico, a las cuales se les detectó quistes ováricos basales mayores o iguales a 15 mm durante un ciclo programado para estudio o inducción de ovulación. La incidencia de dichas lesiones fue de 6,4 porciento (47/732 ciclos analizados). En todos ellos se midió estradiol plasmático simultáneo a la pesquisa del quiste. El 27.7 porciento de los quistes fueron funcionales (estradiol >80 pg/mL) y el 72,3 porciento no funcionales. De los ciclos con quistes no funcionales que continuaron en seguimiento, el 59,3 porciento ovularon (16/27), con fases foliculares y lúteas dentro de límites normales en más del 80 porciento de los casos. La tasa de embarazo clínico por ciclo iniciado fur 14,8 porciento (4/27) y por ciclo ovulado de 25 porciento (4/16), resultados que no difieren con lo obtenido en nuestra población general infértil sometida a similares procedimientos en igual período. Concluímos que los quistes de ovario basales no funcionales no constituyen una contraindicación para estudio de ciclo o inducción de ovulación

Aspectos fisiológicos do crescimento folicular ovariano / Physiological aspects of ovarian folliclar growth

Apresenta-se uma revisäo didática sobre o crescimento folicular ovariano

Reserva ovárica funcional en reproducción asistida: dilema clínico / Funtional ovarian reserve in assisted reproduction: a clinical dilema

La respuesta a la estimulación ovárica suprafisiológica en Reproducción Asistida (particularmente FIV-TE Y GIFT), suele ser muy heterogénea, a pesar que las pacientes seleccionadad tienen características clínicas y paraclínicas muy homogéneas. Se encontraron diferentecias altamente significativas entre dos grupos de pacientes con características clínicas similares que fueron estimulados con el mismo esquema. Grupo I(respuesta Adecuada = 22 pacientes) y Grupo II (respuesta inadecuada = 13 pacientes), en relación a los niveles séricos basales de FSH (P =0.007) y a la calidad de la respuesta folicular (P = 0.000). Estos resultados suguieren que la calidad de la respuesta a la estimulación ovárica suprafisiológica, puede reflejar una "Reserva ovárica funcional" y que esta puede predecirse parcialmente con los niveles séricos basales de FSH, más acaso la respuesta inadecuada, paradójica hasta cierto punto ¿no representará una falla ovárica o un síndrome de ovario resistente incipiente o transitorio durante la edad reproductiva?.