First Experience of Plastination at 4150 Meters Above Sea Level, at the Altitude of La Paz, Bolivia / Primera Experiencia de Plastinación a 4150 Metros sobre el Nivel del Mar, en la Altura de La Paz, Bolivia

SUMMARY: Despite attempts to develop the plastination technique in Bolivia, standardized results have not yet been achieved that could be communicated via scientific publications. There is a great deal of misunderstanding around the technique, confusing it with classic techniques of inclusion in different types of resin, such as polyester and epoxy, but these protocols are not plastination. The aim of this work was to communicate the first standardized room-temperature plastination protocol with silicone in Bolivia, with the unique feature of doing so at the altitude of the city of La Paz, thus constituting the first communication of a plastination technique at 4,150 m.a.s.l. sub sede La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia.

En Bolivia, a pesar de los intentos en el desarrollo de la técnica de Plastinación, aún no se han alcanzado resultados estandarizados que pudieran ser comunicados por medio de publicaciones científicas. Existe una gran confusión al momento de desarrollar la técnica, confundiéndola con técnicas clásicas de inclusión en distintos tipos de reina, como poliéster y epoxy, pero no correspondiendo estos protocolos desarrollados a la técnica de plastinación. En este sentido, el objetivo de esta trabajo consistió en comunicar el primer protocolo estandarizado de plastinación a temperatura ambiente con silicona de Bolivia, con la particularidad de desarrollarlo en la altura de la ciudad de La Paz, constituyéndose, de esta manera, en la primera comunicación de una técnica de plastinación a 4.150 metros sobre el nivel del mar.

Nationwide Stature Estimation from Forearm Length Measurements in Montenegrin Adolescents / Estimación de la Estatura a Partir de Mediciones de la Longitud del Antebrazo en Adolescentes Montenegrinos

SUMMARY: The purpose of this research is to determine a regression equation for estimation of stature from forearm length measurements. This research was carried out on 1200 subjects (604 male and 596 female) among the population of Montenegrin adolescents. The stature and forearm length measurements were taken according to the ISAK protocol, and the data were analyzed statistically. Linear regression analysis determined the prediction of forearm length on the criterion variable a body height at the significance level of p <0.05. These relations are presented in the form of scatter diagram. Thereby, we obtained the coefficient of determination, the multiple correlation coefficients, the partial correlation coefficient, the regression, t-test and standardized beta coefficient. The results of this research study confirmed that forearm length reliably predicts stature in both sexes of Montenegrin adolescents and revealed a very useful finding for physical anthropologists and experts from related fields. It was confirmed that there is a correlation between forearm length and body height (males: 31.9 %, females: 33.3 %).

El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar una ecuación de regresión para la estimación de la estatura a partir de medidas de la longitud del antebrazo. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en 1200 sujetos (604 hombres y 596 mujeres) entre la población de adolescentes montenegrinos. Las medidas de estatura y longitud del antebrazo se tomaron de acuerdo con el protocolo ISAK y los datos se analizaron estadísticamente. El análisis de regresión lineal determinó la predicción de la longitud del antebrazo en la variable de criterio una altura del cuerpo en el nivel de significación de p <0,05. Estas relaciones se presentan en forma de diagrama de dispersión. De tal manera obtuvimos el coeficiente de determinación, los coeficientes de correlación múltiple, el coeficiente de correlación parcial, la regresión, la prueba t y el coeficiente beta estandarizado. Los resultados de este estudio confirmaron que la longitud del antebrazo predice de manera confiable la estatura en adolescentes montenegrinos de ambos sexos y reveló un hallazgo muy útil para los antropólogos físicos y expertos en áreas relacionadas. Se confirmó que existe una correlación entre la longitud del antebrazo y la altura del cuerpo (hombres: 31,9 %, mujeres: 33,3 %).

The evaluation of RS1805086 and RS1805065 polymorphisms in Mstn gene and anthropometric properties of national and amateur arm wrestlers / Evaluación de los polimorfismos RS1805086 y RS1805065 en el gen Mstn y las propiedades antropométricas de los luchadores de brazo nacionales y amateurs

The aim of this study is to investigate rs1805086 and rs1805065 polymorphisms of MSTN gene of national and amateur Turkish arm wrestlers and people leading a sedentary lifestyle, and the anthropometric properties such as hand, wrist, and forearm circumferences of national and amateur Turkish arm wrestlers are aimed to be explored. In this study, a total of 79 volunteers who were 24 national (7 females, 17 males) Turkish arm wrestlers, 21 amateur (7 females, 14 males) Turkish arm wrestlers and 34 sedentary people (12 females, 22 males) participated. To analyse the data, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used. As a result of the study, when data on rs1805086 and rs1805065 polymorphisms of MSTN gene were examined respectively, it was found out that MSTN 153KK genotype was 100.0% dominant in both national (n=24) and amateur (n=21) arm wrestlers, and it was 94.12 % dominant in sedentary people. KR genotype was observed in 5.88 % of the sedentary people. The data from the other rs1805065 polymorphism of MSTN gene showed that all participants (n = 45, 100.0 %) were carriers of normal homozygous genotype. Furthermore, for both female group and male group, there found to be statistically significant difference in terms of anthropometric properties. It can be concluded that though there was no significant difference between national and amateur Turkish arm wrestlers in terms of their MSTN gene characteristics; in terms of anthropometric properties, significant differences were discovered. It was found out that on these athletes, not MSTN gene polymorphisms but anthropometric properties were effective.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los polimorfismos rs1805086 y rs1805065 del gen MSTN de luchadores de brazos turcos, nacionales y aficionados, y personas que llevan un estilo de vida sedentario, y las propiedades antropométricas además de las circunferencias de manos, muñecas y antebrazos de los luchadores de brazos turcos nacionales y aficionados. En este estudio, participaron un total de 79 voluntarios: 24 luchadores de brazos turcos nacionales (7 mujeres, 17 hombres), 21 luchadores de brazos turcos aficionados (7 mujeres, 14 hombres) y 34 personas sedentarias (12 mujeres, 22 hombres). Para analizar los datos, se utilizó el Paquete Estadístico para las Ciencias Sociales, SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EE. UU.). Como resultado del estudio, cuando se examinaron los datos sobre los polimorfismos rs1805086 y rs1805065 del gen MSTN respectivamente, se descubrió que el genotipo MSTN 153KK era 100,0 % dominante en luchadores de brazos nacionales (n = 24) y aficionados (n = 21) , y era 94,12 % dominante en personas sedentarias. El genotipo KR se observó en el 5,88 % de las personas sedentarias. Los datos del otro polimorfismo rs1805065 del gen MSTN mostraron que todos los participantes (n = 45; 100,0 %) eran portadores del genotipo homocigoto normal. Además, tanto para el grupo femenino como para el masculino, se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en términos de propiedades antropométricas. Se puede concluir que, aunque no hubo una diferencia significativa entre los luchadores de brazos turcos nacionales y aficionados en términos de sus características genéticas MSTN; en términos de propiedades antropométricas, se descubrieron diferencias significativas. Se descubrió que, en estos atletas, no fueron los polimorfismos del gen MSTN sino las propiedades antropométricas las efectivas.

Anatomia óssea e muscular do antebraço e mão de Chrysocyon brachyurus (carnivora, canidae) / Bone and muscular anatomy of the antibone and hand of Chrysocyon brachyurus (carnivora, canidae)

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos;supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.

The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.

Anatomia óssea e muscular do antebraço e mão de Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae) / Bone and muscular anatomy of the antibone and handof Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae)

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos; supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.

The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.

Anátomo-radiografia dos ossos longos do membro torácico do Tamandua tetradactyla / Anatomo-radiography of long-bones in thoracic limb of Tamandua tetradactyla

Objetivou-se descrever os acidentes anatômicos dos ossos longos do membro torácico de Tamandua tetradactyla por meio de análises macroscópicas e radiográficas. Foram utilizados 34 espécimes, que foram a óbito por atropelamento. A avaliação do úmero demonstrou as mesmas estruturas presentes nos animais domésticos, além de outras sem prévia descrição. Já no antebraço, rádio e ulna se apresentaram completamente separados, e apesar de, como o úmero, serem identificados alguns dos mesmos acidentes anatômicos descritos em outras espécies, também notamos particularidades. Todas as estruturas descritas na análise macroscópica foram identificadas à radiografia, quando realizada em pelo menos duas projeções ortogonais. As estruturas anátomo-radiográficas dos ossos longos do T. tetradactyla demonstraram grande variaçãoanatômica em comparação a outros mamíferos, o que torna a referida espécie muito singular. Assim o conhecimento de suas particularidades é fundamental para abordagens clínico-cirúrgicas mais seguras.

The objective was to describe the anatomical accidents of the long bones of the thoracic limb of Tamandua tetradactyla by means of macroscopic and radiographic analyzes. We used 34 specimens, which were death by running over. Evaluation of the humerus demonstrated the same structures present in domestic animals, besides others without previous description. In the forearm, radius and ulna were completely separated, and although, like the humerus, some of the same anatomical accidents described in other species were identified, we also noticed particularities. All the structures described in the macroscopic analysis were identified on radiography, when performed in at least two orthogonal projections. The anatomic-radiographic structures of the long bones of T. tetradactyla showed great anatomical variation compared to other mammals, which makes the species very unique. Thus knowledge of their particularities is fundamental for safer clinical-surgical approaches.

Anatomical variations of the caudomedial antebrachial muscles in the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) / Variaciones anatómicas de los músculos caudo-mediales del antebrazo del zorro perruno (Cerdocyon thous)

The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a wild canid distributed in South America, which is susceptible to traumas caused by captors, accidents on roads, and traps. Due to these events their thoracic limbs can be involved at the level of the forearm, therefore, knowledge of the gross anatomy of its muscles is important in order to develop clinical and surgical procedures at this level compared with the domestic dog. The main objective of this investigation was report the intra and interspecific anatomical variations of the caudomedial forearm muscles in Cerdocyon thous in comparison mainly with the domestic dog. Six dead specimens from wildlife care centres of CORPOCALDAS were used. These were fixed with a solution of formaldehyde, mineral oil and phenic acid. Both thoracic limbs of each specimen were dissected from superficial to deep, emphasizing the caudomedial part of the forearm in order to review the anatomical characteristics of each muscle. These muscles were similar to those reported in the domestic dog, but some variations were observed such as the innervation of the pronator teres muscle by the musculocutaneous nerve in a specimen unilaterally; the formation of an accessory muscle from the ulnar head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle in most specimens; and the vestigial presence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle in a specimen bilaterally.

El zorro perruno (Cerdocyon thous) es un cánido silvestre distribuido en Sudamérica, el cual es susceptible a traumas causados por captores, accidentes en carreteras y trampas, donde pueden verse involucrados sus miembros torácicos a nivel del antebrazo, por lo tanto, conocer la anatomía de sus músculos es importante, ya que ésta servirá como base en la realización de procedimientos clínicos y quirúrgicos a este nivel en comparación con el perro doméstico. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue reportar las variaciones anatómicas intra e interespecíficas de los músculos caudo-mediales del antebrazo de C. thous en comparación principalmente con el perro doméstico. Se utilizaron seis especímenes muertos bajo la jurisdicción de CORPOCALDAS. Estos se fijaron con una solución en mezcla de formaldehído, aceite mineral y ácido fénico. Se diseccionaron de superficial a profundo los dos miembros torácicos de cada espécimen, haciendo énfasis en la parte caudo-medial del antebrazo para revisar las características anatómicas de cada músculo, las cuales fueron similares a las reportadas al perro doméstico, pero se observó en un espécimen de manera unilateral la inervación al músculo pronador teres por parte del nervio musculocutáneo; en la mayoría de especímenes se observó la formación de un músculo accesorio a partir de la cabeza ulnar del músculo flexor ulnar del carpo; y en un espécimen la presencia vestigial del músculo ancóneoepitroclear.

Reference values for the six-minute pegboard and ring test in healthy adults in Brazil / Valores de referência para o teste de argolas de seis minutos em adultos saudáveis no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine reference values for the six-minute pegboard and ring test (6PBRT) in healthy adults in Brazil, correlating the results with arm length, circumference of the upper arm/forearm of the dominant arm, and the level of physical activity. Methods: The participants (all volunteers) performed two 6PBRTs, 30 min apart. They were instructed to move as many rings as possible in six minutes. The best test result was selected for data analysis. Results: The sample comprised 104 individuals, all over 30 years of age. Reference values were reported by age bracket. We found that age correlated with 6PBRT results. The number of rings moved was higher in the 30- to 39-year age group than in the > 80-year age group (430.25 ± 77.00 vs. 265.00 ± 65.75), and the difference was significant (p < 0.05). The 6PBRT results showed a weak, positive correlation with the level of physical activity (r = 0.358; p < 0.05) but did not correlate significantly with any other variable studied. Conclusions: In this study, we were able to determine reference values for the 6PBRT in healthy adults in Brazil. There was a correlation between 6PBRT results and age.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar valores de referência para o teste de argolas de seis minutos (TA6) em uma amostra de adultos jovens e idosos saudáveis no Brasil e associar os resultados do teste com o comprimento de membros superiores, circunferências de braço e antebraço dominantes e nível de atividade física. Métodos: O TA6 foi realizado duas vezes, com intervalo de 30 min entre os testes. Os voluntários foram instruídos a mover tantas argolas quanto possíveis em seis minutos. O melhor resultado do teste foi escolhido para análise de dados. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 104 indivíduos com idades de 30-80 anos. Os valores de referência foram reportados por faixa etária. Foi observado que a idade se correlacionou com os valores obtidos no TA6. Indivíduos da faixa etária mais jovem (30-39 anos), quando comparados à faixa etária mais idosa (> 80 anos) apresentaram significativamente um maior desempenho (430,25 ± 77,00 vs. 265,00 ± 65,75; p < 0,05). O TA6 apresentou uma correlação fraca e positiva com o nível de atividade física (r = 0,358; p < 0,05), mas não com as outras variáveis analisadas. Conclusões: Este estudo foi capaz de originar valores de referência para o TA6 em uma amostra de adultos jovens e idosos saudáveis no Brasil. Houve uma correlação dos valores obtidos no TA6 com a idade.

Evaluation of the elbow carrying angle in healthy individuals / Evaluación del ángulo de desplazamiento del codo en individuos sanos

SUMMARY: Carrying angle, or cubital angle defined as the acute angle formed by the median axis of the arm when forearm is in fully extended and supinated position. This angle changes with skelatal growth and maturity. This study was aimed to investigate the correlation of carrying angle with bi-acromial diameter and bi-acromial diameter/bi-trochanteric diameter in our healthy young adult population. This was a cross-sectional study that included 400 (204 male, 196 female) young adult students selected from Çukurova University aged between 18-25 years (mean±standard deviation of females: 20.11±2.05 years; mean±standard deviation of males: 20.45±1.82 years) which originated from different cities in Turkey. After recording demographic data, carrying angle, forearm length, arm length, bi-trochanteric diameter and bi-acromial diameter were measured by using nonelastic tape measure, pelvimeter and manuel goniometer. In addition, body mass index and bi-acromial diameter/bi-trochanteric diameter were calculated for each participants. The mean values of body height and weight were in following respectively for both genders: 178.53±6.40 cm (male), 163.88±5.73 cm (female); 74.89±10.81 kg (male), 57.56±8.61 kg (female). Whereas on dominant arm this angle was as in males 9.77°±2.82° and 13.94°±3.97° in females. The mean value of the carrying angle on nondominant arm in males was 9.85°±2.95° and 14.03°±4.08° in females. The mean carrying angle was 9.81°±2.82° in males and 13.99°±3.97° in females. There are linear relationship between the carrying angle and height (r=-0.474, p<0.001, bi-acromial diameter (r=-0.490, p<0.001), bi-acromial diameter/bi-trochanteric diameter (r=-0.449, p<0.001), forearm length (r=-0.366, p<0.001) and arm length (r=-0.273, p<0.001). We believe that the reference values of carrying angle will help the clinician in the management of elbow displacements, fractures, prosthetic design and diagnosis of epicondylar diseases.

RESUMEN: Se estudió el ángulo de sustentación o ángulo cubital definido como el ángulo agudo formado por el eje mediano del brazo al estar en posición completamente extendido y supinado el antebrazo. Este ángulo cambia con el crecimiento esquelético y la madurez. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la correlación del ángulo con el diámetro biacromial y el diámetro bi-acromial / diámetro bi-trocantérico en una población adulta joven y sana. Se realizó un estudio transversal que incluyó 400 (204 hombres, 196 mujeres) estudiantes adultos jóvenes seleccionados de la Universidad de Çukurova con edades comprendidas entre 18-25 años (media ± desviación estándar de las mujeres: 20,11 ± 2,05 años; media ± desviación estándar de los hombres: 20,45 ± 1,82 años) que se originaron en diferentes ciudades de Turquía. Después de registrar los datos demográficos, el ángulo de desplazamiento, la longitud del antebrazo, la longitud del brazo, el diámetro bi-trocantérico y el diámetro biacromial se midieron utilizando cinta métrica no elástica, pelvímetro y goniómetro manual. Además, se calcularon el índice de masa corporal y el diámetro bi-acromial / diámetro bi-trocantérico para cada participante. Los valores medios de la altura y el peso corporal fueron respectivamente para ambos sexos: 178,53 ± 6,40 cm (masculino), 163,88 ± 5,73 cm (femenino); 74,89 ± 10,81 kg (masculino), 57,56 ± 8,61 kg (femenino). Mientras que en el brazo dominante este ángulo fue como en los hombres 9,77° ± 2,82° y 13,94° ± 3,97° en las mujeres. El valor medio del ángulo de transporte en el brazo no dominante en los hombres fue de 9,85° ± 2,95° y de 14,03° ± 4,08° en las mujeres. El ángulo medio de desplazamiento fue de 9,81° ± 2,82° en hombres y 13,99 ° ± 3,97 ° en mujeres. Hay una relación lineal entre el ángulo de desplazamiento y la altura (r = -0,474, p <0,001, diámetro bi-acromial (r = -0,490, p <0,001), diámetro biacromial / diámetro bi-trocantérico (r = -0,449, p <0,001), longitud del antebrazo (r = -0,366, p <0,001) y longitud del brazo (r = -0,273, p <0,001). Creemos que los valores de referencia del ángulo de carga ayudarán al clínico en el manejo de los desplazamientos del codo, las fracturas, el diseño protésico y el diagnóstico de enfermedades epicondilares.

Evaluation of relationship between prevalence of palmaris longus muscle and handedness in Turkish population / Evaluación de la relación entre la prevalencia del músculo palmar largo en la población turca

Palmaris longus (PL) is a fusiform muscle with a short belly and a long tendon that crosses superficially over flexor retinaculum. It flexes wrist and tenses palmar aponeurosis. The absence of PL prevalence varies from 0.6 % to 63.91 % in the literature. The existence of PL on the right hand is more common compared to the left hand. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence of PL in the Turkish population and the relation of PL absence with sex and handedness in this study. We evaluated 1050 students of Sakarya University between ages 18-28 who participated in the study (525 males, 525 females). After completing a questionnaire including handedness, the volunteers were examined on both hands using some standard tests to find out PL absences. Pearson chi-square and Fischer's exact tests were used for statistics in SPSS 22 software. It was determined that 937 subjects were right-handed (89.2 %), 70 subjects were left-handed (6.6 %) and 43 subjects were ambidextrous (4.1 %). The presence of bilateral PL was found in 653 subjects, while the absence of bilateral PL was defined in 186 subjects. The absence of PL on right and left hand was detected respectively on 108 (10.3 %) and 103 (9.8 %) subjects. Left-handedness was more common in males (7.2 %) than females (6 %). PL was absent in 397 (37.8 %) subjects unilaterally and bilaterally. The study showed that our population has similar prevalence of PL absence with literature. Moreover, there was no correlation statistically between the absence of PL and sex or handedness.

El músculo palmar largo (PL) es un músculo fusiforme, con un vientre corto y un tendón largo que cruza superficialmente el retináculo flexor. Flexiona la muñeca y tensiona la aponeurosis palmar. La ausencia de prevalencia de PL varía de 0,6 % a 63,91 % en la literatura. La presencia de PL en la mano derecha es más común en comparación con la mano izquierda. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo en este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de PL en la población turca y la relación de ausencia de PL con el sexo y la mano. Evaluamos a 1050 estudiantes de la Universidad de Sakarya entre 18-28 años de edad que participaron en el estudio (525 varones, 525 mujeres). Después de completar un cuestionario se examinaron ambas manos de los participantes usando algunas pruebas estándar para determinar la ausencia de PL. Se aplicaron las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado, Pearson y Fischer mediante el software SPSS 22. Se determinó que 937 sujetos eran diestros (89,2 %), 70 sujetos zurdos (6,6 %) y 43 sujetos ambidiestros (4,1 %). La presencia de PL bilateral se encontró en 653 sujetos, mientras que la ausencia de PL bilateral se definió en 186 sujetos. La ausencia de PL en los antebrazos derecho e izquierdo fue detectada en 108 casos (10,3 %) y 103 casos (9,8 %), respectivamente. La prevalencia de zurdos fue más común en los hombres (7,2 %) que en las mujeres (6 %). El PL estuvo ausente en 397 (37,8 %) sujetos unilateralmente y bilateralmente. El estudio mostró que nuestra población tiene similar prevalencia de ausencia de PL con respecto a lo hallado en la literatura. Por otra parte, no hubo correlación estadística entre la ausencia de PL y el sexo o la mano.

Morphology and morphometry of the tendons of the palmaris longus and radial carpal extensor muscles in humans / Morfología y morfometría de los tendones de los músculos palmar largo y extensores radiales del carpo en el hombre

The tendons of the palmaris longus (PL) and radial carpal extensor (RCE) muscles have extensive applications in surgery, yet despite their constant use, information about their morphological and morphometric characteristics remains limited. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the PL and RCE muscle tendons and compare them to each other in 30 upper limbs of adult individuals with no apparent deformations from anatomy units at four universities in Chile. The anterior side and lateral margin of the forearm and the back of the hand as far as the tendon plane were dissected. The average length, width at origin level and at the level of the radiocarpal joint line of the PL muscle tendon were 125.48 mm ± 8.93, 4.76 mm ± 1.35 and 3.76 mm ± 0.91, respectively. The average length, width at the levels of origin and insertion of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle tendon were 180.46 mm ± 15.03, 14.69 mm ± 3.72 and 7.76 mm ± 1.44 respectively, whereas for the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle they were 115.23 mm ± 11.81, 9.53 mm ± 2.58 and 7.33 mm ±1.17, respectively. The most common origin of the tendons of the PL and extensor carpi radialis longus muscles was at the level of the middle third of the forearm, whereas the most common origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle tendon was at distal third level. The shape of the tendons of the PL and RCE muscles was broad and flat along their entire length. Simulating the longitudinal division of the tendons of the RCE muscles in two halves, the radial half of the tendons of both muscles has morphological and morphometric characteristics similar to the PL muscle tendon, such that it could be used as a graft in the case of agenesis of the PL muscle, or for tendon transfer where elongation of a tendon in the region is required.

Los tendones de los músculos palmar largo (PL) y extensores radiales del carpo (ERC) tienen extensas aplicaciones en cirugía, pero a pesar de su constante uso, es escasa la información respecto a sus características morfológicas y morfométricas. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características morfológicas y morfométricas de los tendones de los músculos PL y ERC y compararlas entre sí, en 30 miembros superiores de individuos adultos, sin deformaciones aparentes, pertenecientes a unidades de anatomía de cuatro universidades de Chile. Se disecó la cara anterior y el margen lateral del antebrazo, y el dorso de la mano, hasta llegar al plano de los tendones. Los promedios de longitud, anchos a nivel del origen y a nivel de la línea articular radiocarpiana del tendón del músculo PL fueron de 125,48 mm ± 8,93, 4,76 mm ± 1,35 y 3,76 mm ± 0,91, respectivamente. Los promedios de longitud, anchos a nivel de origen y a nivel de la inserción del tendón del músculo extensor radial largo del carpo fueron de 180,46 mm ± 15,03, 14,69 mm ± 3,72 y 7,76 mm ± 1,44, mientras que para el tendón del músculo extensor radial corto del carpo fueron de 115,23 mm ± 11,81, 9,53 mm ± 2,58 y 7,33 mm ±1,17, respectivamente. El origen más común de los tendones de los músculos PL y extensor radial largo del carpo fue a nivel del tercio medio del antebrazo, mientras que el origen más común del tendón del músculo extensor radial corto del carpo fue a nivel del tercio distal del antebrazo. La forma de los tendones de los músculos PL y ERC era ancha y plana durante toda su extensión. Al simular la división longitudinal de los tendones de los músculos ERC en dos mitades, la mitad radial de los tendones de ambos músculos presenta características morfológicas y morfométricas similares al tendón del músculo PL, por tanto, eventualmente podrían ser utilizadas para injerto en caso de agenesia del músculo PL, o para transferencia tendinosa, en caso de que se requiera un alargamiento de algún tendón de la región.

Los músculos extensores radiales del carpo y su importancia clínica: una revisión de la literatura / The radial carpal extensor muscles and their clinical significance: a review of the literature

Los extensores radiales del carpo son dos músculos de la parte lateral del compartimento posterior del antebrazo, que se utilizan con frecuencia en cirugías de transferencia de tendón. Las variaciones anatómicas de estos músculos son bastante comunes y su conocimiento es clínicamente significativo, ya que se pueden utilizar para corregir deformidades de la mano. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la anatomía de los músculos extensores radiales, su embriología, sus variaciones anatómicas y su importancia clínica.

Extensor carpi radialis are two lateral muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm which are often used in tendon-transfer surgery. The anatomical variations of these muscles are quite common and knowledge about these variations is clinically significant, as it is useful to correct deformities of the hand. The aim of this study is to know the anatomy of the extensor radial muscles, embryology, anatomical variations and their clinical significance.

Síndrome compartimental en el antebrazo: consideraciones anatomo-quirúrgicas / Compartment syndrome in forearm: anatomical and surgical considerations

Introducción: El síndrome compartimental es una situación en lacual el incremento de la presión dentro de un espacio cerrado,porencima de la presión de perfusión, afecta la circulación de lostejidos que están dentro de dicho espacio, comprometiendo lavitalidad de los mismos y ocasionando lesión tisular. En miembrosuperior se describen numerosos compartimientos en los queIntroducción: El síndrome compartimental es una situación en lacual el incremento de la presión dentro de un espacio cerrado,porencima de la presión de perfusión, afecta la circulación de lostejidos que están dentro de dicho espacio, comprometiendo lavitalidad de los mismos y ocasionando lesión tisular. En miembrosuperior se describen numerosos compartimientos en los quepodría ocurrir dicho fenómeno ,y es particularmente el antebrazouna de las regiones anatómicas donde suele suceder con mayorfrecuencia. Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento anatómico de los compartimientos en el antebrazo con posibilidad de sufrir unsíndrome compartimental para la realización de abordajesquirúrgicos de urgencia. Material y Método: Se realizaron encuestas anónimasevaluando el conocimiento anatómico sobre el tema a 11médicos cirujanos en formación y a 25 ayudantes de anatomía...

Introduction: Compartment syndrome is a situation in which increassed pressure within a closed space above perfusión pressure affects the tissues’ circulation into that space,compromising the vitality of them and causing tissue injury.In upper limb there are many compartments where this fenomenous may occur, and the forearm is one of the anatomicregions where normally occure more frequently. Objectives: To evaluate the anatomic knowledge of the forearm compartements with possibility of having a compartmentsyndrome for the realization of urgent surgical approaches. Material and Methods: Anonymous surveys were conducted toevaluate the anatomical knowledge of the subject to 11 trainingsurgeons and 25 anatomy assistants...

Estudio anatómico del fascículo accesorio del músculo flexor largo del pulgar y su relación con el nervio interóseo anterior en individuos brasileños / Anatomical study of the accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle and its relationship to the anterior interosseous nerve in Brazilian individuals

Entre los síndromes de compresión nerviosa en el antebrazo, debido a la presencia de arcos tendinosos de músculos relacionados al trayecto de los nervios que transcurren entre sus capas musculares, se encuentra el del nervio interóseo anterior (NIA). La presencia de variaciones musculares puede generar arcos que ocasionan compresión nerviosa. El objetivo fue establecer la incidencia y morfología del músculo accesorio del flexor largo del pulgar (AFLP) y la relación de éste con el NIA o sus ramos motores. Se utilizaron 30 antebrazos, de cadáveres formolizados de individuos adultos brasileños. El punto de referencia seleccionado para las mediciones fue el epicóndilo medial del humero (EMH). Se observó que tres miembros superiores presentaron el AFLP (10%), en todos ellos se originó en el EMH para terminar insertándose en el tendón del músculo flexor largo del pulgar (FLP). El vientre muscular presentó aspecto fusiforme, el cual tenía un tendón que formó un arco con el FLP. En uno de los casos, este arco se relacionó con el paso del NIA; en los otros dos, lo hizo con los ramos motores que se originan del NIA. Al diagnosticar los síndromes generados por compresión nerviosa se debe considerar la presencia del AFLP, el cual, potencialmente se puede relacionar con el trayecto del NIA o de sus ramos.

Between the syndromes of nerve compression in the forearm, due to the presence of the tendinous arches related to the nerves that pass between its muscle layers, is the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN). The presence of muscular variations can generate arches that cause nerve compression. The aim of our study was to establish the incidence and morphology of the accessory head of flexor pollicis longus muscle (AFPLm) and its relationship with AIN or its branches. Thirty forearms of formalized corpses of adult Brazilians were used. The selected landmark for measurements was the medial epicondyle of the humerus (MEH). It was noted that three upper limbs presented the AFPLm (10%), originated from the MEH to end inserted into the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus muscle. The AFPLm showed fusiform appearance, which had a tendon that formed an arch with the flexor pollicis longus muscle. In one case, this arch was associated with the passage of AIN. In the other two, this arch was related to motor branches originating from the AIN. The diagnosis of nerve compression syndromes should consider the presence of AFLPm, which potentially can be related to the course of the AIN or its branches.

Gantzer muscle. An anatomical study

OBJECTIVE: The relationship of Gantzer muscle to the median and anterior interosseous nerve is debated. METHODS: Ìn an anatomical study with 80 limbs from 40 cadavers the incidence, origin, insertion, nerve supply and relations of Gantzer muscle have been documented. RESULTS: The muscle was found in 54 forearms (68% of limbs) and was supplied by the anterior interosseous nerve. It arose from the deep surface of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, (42 limbs), coronoid process (eight limbs) and medial epicondyle (seven limbs). Its insertion was to the ulnar part of flexor pollicis longus muscle. The Gantzer muscle always lay posterior to both the median and anterior interosseous nerve. CONCLUSION: The Gantzer muscle may contribute to the median nerve and anterior interosseous nerve compression. The muscle was found in 68% of limbs and should be considered a normal anatomical pattern rather than an anatomical variation. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Application of alternative anthropometric measurements to predict metabolic syndrome

OBJECTIVE: The association between rarely used anthropometric measurements (e.g., mid-upper arm, forearm, and calf circumference) and metabolic syndrome has not been proven. The aim of this study was to assess whether mid-upper arm, forearm, calf, and waist circumferences, as well as waist/height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio, were associated with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We enrolled 387 subjects (340 women, 47 men) who were admitted to the obesity outpatient department of Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital between September 2010 and December 2010. The following measurements were recorded: waist circumference, hip circumference, waist/height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, mid-upper arm circumference, forearm circumference, calf circumference, and body composition. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure plasma glucose, lipids, uric acid, insulin, and HbA1c. RESULTS: The odds ratios for visceral fat (measured via bioelectric impedance), hip circumference, forearm circumference, and waist circumference/hip circumference were 2.19 (95% CI, 1.30-3.71), 1.89 (95% CI, 1.07-3.35), 2.47 (95% CI, 1.24-4.95), and 2.11(95% CI, 1.26-3.53), respectively. The bioelectric impedance-measured body fat percentage correlated with waist circumference only in subjects without metabolic syndrome; the body fat percentage was negatively correlated with waist circumference/hip circumference in the metabolic syndrome group. All measurements except for forearm circumference were equally well correlated with the bioelectric impedance-measured body fat percentages in both groups. Hip circumference was moderately correlated with bioelectric impedance-measured visceral fat in subjects without metabolic syndrome. Muscle mass (measured via bioelectric impedance) was weakly correlated with waist and forearm circumference in subjects with metabolic syndrome and with calf circumference in subjects without metabolic syndrome. ...

Anthropological and perceptual predictors affecting the ranking in arm wrestling competition / Predictores antropológicos y perceptuales que afectan la clasificación en la competencia de fuerza

The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors contributing to be in the first three places with right and left arm in armwrestling. Seventy-three male senior armwrestlers competed in Turkish National Championship voluntarily participated in this study. Some participants competed with both arms. Two samples were composed of according to the participant competition category, for right (69 participants) and left arm (65 participants). The data were collected from eight different weight classes. Handgrip strength, auditory reaction time, forearm length, and forearm circumference were determined as the predictors. All the measurements were taken after weigh-ins had been done and before the first day of national championship competition. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict whether a competitor in armwrestling would be in the first three places either with right or left arm, to be a winner or non-winner. Relative handgrip strength was found a significant predictor for both right and left arm ranking (p < 0.05). Auditory reaction time was found a significant predictor only for right arm ranking (p < 0.05) and forearm circumference was found a significant predictor only for left arm ranking (p < 0.05). These results suggest that strength can be viewed as the main predictor in left arm ranking; however, auditory reaction time is also an important factor to be in the first three places in right arm ranking. Thus, competitors should also focus to improve this perceptual skill.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los predictores que contribuyen a clasificar en los tres primeros lugares en la lucha de fuerza de brazos (vencidas o pulsadas) con el brazo derecho e izquierdo. Setenta y tres hombres luchadores senior compitieron en el Campeonato Nacional de Turquía y participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. Algunos participantes compitieron con ambos brazos. Dos muestras fueron conformadas de acuerdo con la categoría de competencia del participante, para el brazo derecho (69 participantes) y el brazo izquierdo (65 participantes). Los datos se obtuvieron para 8 categorías de peso. La fuerza de prensión, tiempo de reacción auditiva, largo del brazo y circunferencia del antebrazo se determinaron como predictores. Todas las medidas fueron tomadas después de pesaje clasificatorio y antes del primer día de competición. Un análisis de regresión logística se realizó para predecir si un competidor en lucha de fuerza estaría en los tres primeros lugares ya sea con el brazo derecho o izquierdo, para ser un ganador o no ganador. La fuerza de prensión relativa resultó un predictor significativo para la clasificación tanto en el brazo derecho e izquierdo (p <0,05). El tiempo de reacción auditiva se encontró un predictor significativo sólo para la clasificación del brazo derecho (p <0,05) y la circunferencia del antebrazo un predictor significativo sólo para el brazo izquierdo (p <0,05). Estos resultados sugieren que la fuerza puede ser vista como el principal predictor en la clasificación para el brazo izquierdo, sin embargo, el tiempo de reacción auditiva es también un factor importante para estar en los tres primeros lugares de la clasificación para el brazo derecho. Por lo tanto, los competidores también deben centrarse en mejorar esta habilidad perceptual.

Utilização do tendão do músculo palmar longo em procedimentos cirúrgicos: estudo em cadáveres / Use of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle in surgical procedures: study on cadavers

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar que o tendão do músculo palmar longo pode ser estimado em relação ao seu comprimento e largura antes de usá-lo como enxerto em procedimento cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados 60 antebraços de 30 cadáveres de etnia negra; mensurou-se o comprimento e a largura do tendão do músculo palmar longo e comparou-se com o comprimento do antebraço. RESULTADOS: Foi constatada a ausência unilateral direita em dois cadáveres do sexo feminino. As médias do comprimento e da largura foram respectivamente 11,9 mais ou menos 15,2mm e 4,1 + 1,5mm. A média total do comprimento do antebraço foi de 275.4mm mais ou menos 17,9mm. CONCLUSÃO: Há uma relação significativa entre o comprimento do tendão e o comprimento do antebraço; assim poder-se-á avaliar o tamanho do tendão do músculo palmar longo quando for necessário usá-lo para enxertos. Nível de Evidências IV, Série de casos.

OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate that the tendon of palmar long can be estimated in relation to its length and width before using it as a graft in surgical procedure. METHODS: There were examined 60 forearms of 30 corpses of black ethnicity; measure the length and width of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle and compared the length of the forearm. RESULTS: There are notes their absence unilateral right in two female corpses. The medium length and width were more or less respectively 11.9, 15.2 mm and 4.1 + 1.5 mm. The total average forearm length of 275.4 was more or less 17.9 mm. CONCLUSION: There is a significant relationship between the length of the tendon and the length of the forearm; so we can evaluate the size of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle when it is necessary to use it for grafts. Levels of Evidence IV, Case series.

Comunicación masiva del ramo superficial del nervio radial con el nervio cutáneo antebraquial lateral, implicancias anatomo-clínicas: reporte de un caso / Massive communication between the superficial branch of radial nerve and lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm, anatomical and clinical implications: a case report

La distribución de los ramos nerviosos sensitivos en el borde lateral y en el dorso de la mano han sido descritos con mayor exactitud en las últimas décadas, debido al avance de las técnicas de electrodiagnóstico que ofrecen un alto rendimiento, las cuales han permitido detectar que alrededor del 40 por ciento de la población examinada presenta algún grado de variación anatómica en el territorio de distribución de los nervios involucrados. En este caso presentamos una variación anatómica bilateral extremadamente rara, que involucra al ramo superficial del nervio radial (NRS) y al nervio cutáneo antebraquial lateral (CABL); donde NRS se conecta de forma íntegra con el ramo medial de CABL, formándose así un tronco común (TC) que se distribuye por la región dorsal de la mano. Por su parte, el ramo lateral de CABL se distribuye por el borde lateral de la mano, ocupando el territorio cutáneo de NRS; situación que aparece descrita en la literatura especializada sólo una vez. El hallazgo de estas variaciones anatómicas en los cadáveres disecados con fines docentes en nuestro Departamento de Anatomía, tienen un valor formativo indiscutible para nuestros alumnos de pregrado y especialmente para los de postgrado, quienes pueden comprobar de primera mano la enorme variabilidad del ser humano, valorando las implicancias en la clínica diaria de este conocimiento anatómico.

The distribution of the sensory nerve branches in the lateral and the back of the hand have been described more accurately in the past decades due to advancement of high performance electro-diagnostic variation techniques, which indicate that approximately 40 percent of the population examined have some degree of anatomical variation in the distribution area of the nerves involved. In this case we present an extremely rare, bilaterally detected variation, involving the superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) and lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (LABCN), where the SBRN is connected integrally with the medial branch of LABCN, forming a common trunk (CT) distributed by the dorsal region of the hand. Furthermore, the lateral branch of the LABCN is distributed in the lateral border of the hand, occupying the area of the skin of the SBRN, an event that is described only once in the literature. The discovery of these anatomical variations in dissected cadavers for teaching purposes, in the Department of Anatomy, have an undeniable educational value for our undergraduate students and especially for the graduate who can observe the enormous variability of human beings first hand, and value implications of this anatomical knowledge in daily clinic.

Supranumerary muscle of the extensor indicis

It was found an unusual anatomical variation in a male cadaver that is consistent with the existence of anaccessory muscle in the posterior area of the third distal of the forearm. Such structure arises in the posteriorface of ulna and is fixed in the back of the proximal phalange of the middle finger. The described variation isalso useful to the hand surgeon, as the anomalous muscle is an anatomical landmark for operations at this area.To our knowledge, this variation has not been cited in recent medical literature.