The slant of the forehead as a craniofacial feature of impulsiveness

Objective: Impulsiveness has been the subject of much research, but little is known about the possible relationship between craniofacial anatomy and impulsiveness. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between one aspect of craniofacial structure (the angle of inclination of the forehead) and impulsiveness. Method: Photographs in profile were obtained from 131 volunteers who had been fined for driving at high speed and were undergoing a court-mandated driving license point-recovery course. They completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), the Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P), and Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale (V). The angle of the slant of the forehead was measured with a photographic support and a protractor. Results: High positive concordance was found between forehead inclination and 14 out of the 15 impulsiveness factors studied. Conclusions: The angle of inclination of the forehead was significantly associated with self-reported impulsiveness in this sample of traffic violators.

La impulsividad y su asociación con la inclinación de la frente / Impulsivity and its association with the slant of the forehead

Avances en embriología, genética o neuroimagen, están ayudando a discernir posibles correlaciones entre estructuras del rostro, cerebro y personalidad. Una conducta que ha sido objeto de numerosas investigaciones es la impulsiva, de la que han surgido distintas conceptualizaciones con cierta controversia etiológica. En el presente trabajo estudiamos si el rostro refleja de manera objetiva el nivel de impulsividad. Para ello, se utilizó en población adulta (N=33), la dimensión Búsqueda de Novedad del Inventario de Temperamento y Carácter-Revisado de Cloninger, la Escala de Impulsividad de Barratt (BIS-11) y la Escala de Impulsividad Estado (EIE). En el rostro se midió el grado de inclinación de la frente hacia atrás, resultando una asociación positiva con las 3 puntuaciones psicométricas. Tres jueces evaluaron visualmente el nivel de inclinación de la frente. Se obtuvo un alto acuerdo entre ellos, así como una alta correlación con la medida objetiva de inclinación. Aunque la muestra es reducida, los datos ofrecen una aproximación al objetivo de estudio.

Advances in embryology, genetics and neuroimaging are helping to discern possible correlations between facial structures, brain and personality. A behavior that has been the subject of much research is impulsiveness,where different conceptualizations have arisen with some etiological controversy. Objectifying the possibility of different levels of impulsivity in the face is studied.Foran adult sample (N =33),the Novelty Seeking dimension of Temperament and Character-Revised by Cloninger,the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Impulsiveness Scale State (EIE) were used. In the forehead the degree of inclination front to back was measured, resulting in a positive association with the 3 psychometric scores. Three judges evaluated the level of inclination of the forehead, resulting in a high reliability and a high correlation with the objective measurement of inclination. Although the sample is small, the data provides an objective approach to the study of the variable analyzed.

Maxillary incisors initial position and soft-tissue changes in Class II malocclusion extraction protocols / Posição inicial dos incisivos superiores e alterações no perfil facial nos protocolos de extração da má oclusão de Classe II

Introdução: Diferenças da atratividade encontradas entre os protocolos de tratamento Classe II em longo prazo e no pós-tratamento incitou estes estudos. O Elemento II demonstrou que os rostos bem equilibrados tem incisivos superiores posicionados em um relacionamento anteroposterior individualmente calculado com a testa. Deste modo, o Elemento II foi utilizado para investigar as características iniciais dos pacientes. Além disso, para avaliar as mudanças que os protocolos de extrações resultam nos tecidos moles, uma revisão sistemática foi realizada com busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus e Cochrane. Resultados: O grupo CII teve posição AP dos incisivos superiores mais anteriores quando comparado ao grupo NO. Além disso, as posições AP dos incisivos nos subgrupos de extração foram à frente, quando comparado com o subgrupo NE. Alterações dos tecidos moles estatisticamente significantes foram ângulo nasolabial (NLA) que aumentou de 2,4º a 5,40º no protocolo de extração de 2 pré-molares e de 1º a 6,84º no protocolo de extração de 4 pré-molares. Retrusão dos lábios superior e inferior também foram verificadas, com menor retração do lábio inferior nos grupos de extração de dois pré-molares. Conclusões: Indivíduos com Classe II apresentaram os incisivos superiores significativamente mais protruídos que os indivíduos com oclusão normal. Na Classe II divisão 1, o subgrupo tratado com extrações apresentaram os incisivos significativamente mais protruídos em comparação com o subgrupo sem extrações. Quando Classe II divisão 1 é tratada com extrações de pré-molares, há aumento do NLA e os lábios são retraídos. No entanto, há menor retração do lábio inferior no protocolo de extração de 2 prémolares superiores.(AU)

Introduction: Differences in long-term and posttreatment attractiveness between Class II treatment protocols motivated these studies. Element II demonstrated that well-balanced faces have maxillary incisors positioned in an individually calculated anteroposterior relationship with the forehead. Thus, it was used to investigate the initial characteristics of the patients. Moreover, to evaluate the soft-tissue changes with extraction protocols, a systematic review was performed searching PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane electronic databases. Results: The CII group had forward incisors AP position when compared to the NO group. Also, the incisors AP positions in the extraction subgroups were forward when compared to the NE subgroup. Statistically significant soft-tissue changes reported included nasolabial angle (NLA) increasing from 2.4 to 5.40 degrees in the 2-premolar extraction protocol and from 1 to 6.84 degrees in the 4-premolar extraction protocol. Retrusion of the upper and lower lips were also verified, with less retraction of the lower lip in the 2-premolar extraction group. Conclusions: Class II subjects presented the maxillary incisors significantly more protruded than normal occlusion subjects. Class II division 1 extraction subgroups demonstrated significantly more protruded incisors as compared to the non-extraction subgroup. When Class II division 1 malocclusion is treated with premolar extractions, the NLA increases and the lips are retracted. However, there is less retraction of the lower lip in the 2- maxillary premolar extraction protocol.(AU)

Blepharoplasty and periorbital surgical rejuvenation.

The periorbital region forms the epicenter of facial aging changes and receives highest attention from physicians and patients. The concern about visual function, clubbed with the need for hidden incisions, makes the periocular region a highly specialized surgical area, most appropriately handled by an ophthalmic plastic surgeon. The article provides an overview of cosmetic eyelid and facial surgery in the periocular region. Common aesthetic surgical procedures as well as ocular side-effects of commonly performed periocular injections are discussed from the dermatologist's point of view.

Relación entre índice facial superior e índice nasal en cráneos Chilenos adultos / Relation between superior facial index and nasal index in Chilean adult crania

La cara es el sello principal de la identidad, lo que nos define como individuos en los contactos interpersonales. Las características métricas aportadas por la craneometría nos permiten caracterizar cráneos y caras por medio de los índices. Se realizó un estudio craneométrico en 32 cráneos de individuos adultos de ambos sexos. En ellos se midieron diámetros faciales y se determinaron sus índices según Bidegain & Carvalho de Mello. La altura facial superior (n-pr) promedio fue de 66,20mm (DE +/- 5,26), con límite máximo de 76,68mm y mínimo de 51,22mm. El ancho facial máximo (zy-zy) promedio fue de 127,05mm (DE +/- 6,85), con límite máximo 139,08mm y mínimo de 112,77mm. El ancho nasal (al-al) promedio fue de 23,99 mm (DE +/-2,81), con límite máximo de un 35,13mm y mínimo de 18,97 mm. La altura nasal (n-ns) promedio fue de 50,97 mm (DE +/- 3,58), con límite máximo de 55,96 mm y mínimo de 39,58mm. El Índice Facial Superior promedio fue de 52,20 (DE +/- 4,54), con límite máximo de 62,29 y mínimo de 43,92 determinando la tendencia meseno en cráneos de género masculino y femenino. El Índice Nasal promedio fue de 47,30 (DE +/- 6,28) con límite máximo de 67,14 y mínimo de 36,23 determinando características leptorrinas tanto en cráneos masculinos como femeninos. Los datos obtenidos permitirán a los profesionales del área salud contar con nuevos antecedentes para estudios antropométricos y antropológicos.

The face is the main symbol of identity which defines us as individuals as well as in the process of interpersonal contacts. Metric characteristics contributed by craniometry allow us to characterize crania and faces by means of indexes. A craniometric study was carried out in 32 crania of adult subjects of both sexes. Facial diameters were measured using indexes according to Bidegain & Carvalho de Mello. Facial height average (n-pr) was 66.20 mm (SD +/- 5.26) with maximum boundary of 76.68 mm and minimum of 51.22 mm. Facial maximum width on average (zy ­ zy) was 127.05 mm. (SD +/- 6.85), with maximum boundary of 139.08 mm and minimum of 112.7 mm. Average Nasal width was 23.99 mm (SD +/- 2.81), with maximum boundary of 35.13 mm and minimum of 18.97mm. Nasal height average (n-ns) was 50.97 mm (SD +/- 3.58) with maximum boundary of 55.96 mm and minimum of 39.58 mm. Facial Superior Index on average was of 52.20 (SD +/- 4.54) with maximum boundary of 62.29 mm and minimum of 43.92 determining the mesorrhine tendency in male and female crania. Nasal average index was 47.30 (SD +/- 6.28) with maximum boundary of 67.14 and minimum of 36.23 thereby determining leptorrhine characteristics in male as well as female crania. The information obtained will afford health care professionals access to new data for anthropometric and anthropological studies.

Evaluation of the Divine Proportion in the facial profile of young females.

BACKGROUND: Beauty is the phenomenon of experiencing pleasure, through the perception of balance. According to some authors, attractive faces have ideal proportions that are related to the Divine Proportion (1.618:1). AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Divine Proportion in the human profile and investigate the effects of this ratio on the perception of the beauty of the profile. STUDY AND DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the mentioned aims. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, fifty females in the age range of 20-25 years, with acceptable profiles were selected. Standardized profile silhouettes were each given a score by 20 judges (consisting of 10 men and 10 women) using the visual analog scale. Five landmarks were determined and five ratios were measured on the silhouettes by using the adobe photoshop program. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The Student's t test was used to compare profile proportions of the subjects. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed none of the proportions had the mean of 1.618, but in subjects having higher esthetic scores, trichion (Te)-soft tissue menton (Me):Tr-subnasale (Sn) and Tr-Me:soft tissue nasion (N)-Me, with the mean of 1.58 were closer to Divine Proportion. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested the perception of beauty is influenced by the Divine Proportions and Tr-Me:Tr-Sn and Tr-Me:N-Me are the most influential ratios in the perception of the beauty of profile; however, if the Divine Proportion is to be used in treatment planning, it should be used along with other factors.