Morphology and vascularization of the gastric compartments in three-toed sloth (Bradypus torquatus Illiger, 1811) / Morfología y vascularización de los compartimentos gástricos en osos perezosos de tres dedos (Bradypus torquatus Illiger, 1811)

The macroscopic anatomy and vascularization of the stomach compartments of Bradypus torquatus were examined in five animals from the University of São Paulo College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny collection. The method included aqueous perfusion of the arterial network, colored latex injection, fixation in formaldehyde (10 percent) and preservation in Laskovisk solution. Dissections were performed under mesoscopic light and photo documentations were performed for description and data analysis. In these animals, the largest abdominal organ was the stomach, which internally presented the cardiac, fundic and prepyloric regions, subdivided in six compartments (cardiac right, middle and left; fundic; pre-pyloric I and II). The stomach was irrigated by the left gastric and celiac arteries, which are ventral visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. These arteries emerged in the retroperitoneal region and reached the viscera through the mesogastric region, distributed in the large and small stomach curvatures, in the spleen and the pancreas. The primary collateral branches of the left gastric artery are directed to the large stomach curvature, and the celiac artery irrigated the spleen, the pancreas and the small stomach curvature. The vascular pattern differed in some aspects from that observed in the other multi-cavity stomachs of recent vertebrates.

Fue descrita la anatomía macroscópica y vascularización de los compartimientos del estómago en 5 Bradypus torquatus, animales pertenecientes al acervo de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de São Paulo - Brazil. El método incluyó: perfusión acuosa de la red arterial, inyección de látex coloreado, fijación en formaldehido (10 por ciento) y conservación en solución de Laskovisk. Para la descripción y análisis de los datos se realizaron disecciones bajo mesoscopía de luz y archivos fotográficos. Los animales presentaron el estómago como la víscera abdominal más abundante, que posee internamente las regiones: cardiaca, fúndica y pre-pilórica, subdivididas en seis compartimientos (cardiaco, derecho, medio e izquierdo; fúndico; pre-pilórico I y II). Estaba irrigado por las arterias gástricas izquierda y celiaca, que son ramas viscerales ventrales de la parte abdominal de la aorta. Estas arterias emergían en el retroperitoneo y a tráves del mesogastrio alcazaban las vísceras distribuyéndose en la gran y pequeña curvatura del estómago, bazo y páncreas. Las ramas colaterales primarias de la arteria gástrica izquierda estaban destinadas a la gran curvatura del estómago y los de la arteria celíaca irrigaban el bazo, páncreas y pequeña curvatura del estómago. El estándar vascular del Bradypus torquatus más conocido como oso perezoso de tres dedos demostró ser diferente, en algunos aspectos, al de otros estómagos pluricavitarios en vertebrados.

The intestinal tract as the major source of interleukin 6 production during abdominal aortic clamping and hind limb ischaemia-reperfusion injury

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the hind limbs or intestinal tract is the most important initiator of the inflammatory response secondary aortic clamping and hind limb ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Blood samples of Wistar rats obtained from posterior cava vein, portal vein, and heart cavity during either laparotomy (control group, n=8) or laparotomy + 2 h of aortic clamping and bilateral hind limb ischemia (ischemia group, n=8), or 2 h after ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion (ischemia-reperfusion group, n=8) were assayed for interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS: Serum IL-6 at the heart (223.6±197.9 [10-832] pg/mL) was higher (p<0.001) than at both portal (133.08±108.52 [4-372] pg/mL) and posterior cava veins (127.58±109.15 [8-388] pg/mL). CRP was not significant different among groups. CONCLUSION: The splanchnic region is also a source of inflammatory response secondary to ischemia and reperfusion of the hind limbs.

OBJETIVO: Investigar qual o principal mediador da resposta inflamatória na lesao de isquemia/reperfusão após clampeamento da aorta abdominal e isquemia dos membros inferiores: o intestine ou as extremidades inferiores. MÉTODOS: amostra de sangue de ratos Wistar coletados da cava posterior, porta e cavidade cardíaca during tanto laparotomia (grupo controle n=8) ou laparotomia + 2 horas de clampeamento aórtico e isquemia bilateral de membros posteriores (grupo isquemia n=8), ou 2 h de isquemia seguido por 2 horas de reperfusão (grupo isquemia/reperfusão n=8), onde foram dosados interleucina 6 e proteína C-reativa. RESULTADOS: Il-6 no coração (223.6±197.9 [10-832] pg/mL) foi maior (p<0.001) tanto na veia porta (133.08±108.52 [4-372] pg/mL) quanto na veia cava posterior (127.58±109.15 [8-388] pg/mL). PCR não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: o trato intestinal foi responsável pela resposta inflamatória secundária a lesão de isquemia/reperfusão.