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1.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 128-134, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-156444

ABSTRACT

We investigated the role of fasting hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines in cancer patients. Hormones (ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin) and cytokines (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-6) were measured by ELISA or RIA in lung cancer and colorectal cancer patients before the administration of cancer therapy, and measurements were repeated every 2 months for 6 months. From June 2006 to August 2008, 42 patients (19 with colorectal cancer and 23 with lung cancer) were enrolled. In total, 21 patients were included in the cachexia group and the others served as a comparison group. No significant difference in the initial adiponectin, ghrelin, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, or IL-6 level was observed between groups, although leptin was significantly lower in cachectic patients than in the comparison group (15.3 +/- 19.5 vs 80.9 +/- 99.0 pg/mL, P = 0.007). During the follow-up, the patients who showed a > 5% weight gain had higher ghrelin levels after 6 months. Patients exhibiting elevated IL-6 levels typically showed a weight loss > 5% after 6 months. A blunted adiponectin or ghrelin response to weight loss may contribute to cancer cachexia and IL-6 may be responsible for inducing and maintaining cancer cachexia.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Adiponectin/analysis , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Cachexia/physiopathology , Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Cytokines/analysis , Follow-Up Studies , Ghrelin/analysis , Interferon-gamma/analysis , Interleukin-6/analysis , Leptin/analysis , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Peptide Hormones/analysis , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , Survival Rate , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis , Weight Gain , Weight Loss
2.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 47(1): 27-35, ene.-abr. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-641965

ABSTRACT

La amenorrea hipotalámica funcional (AHF)presenta un proceso de adaptación homeostática frente al disbalance energético (consumo/gasto calórico) . En este síndrome participan hormonas hipotalámicas y neuropéptidos periféricos provenientes del tejido graso (leptina, adiponectina y otras adipokinas), el tracto gastrointestinal superior Ghrelin y el páncreas (insulina). Este "circuito periférico” está funcionalmente interrelacionado con un "circuito central "o hipotalámico. El descenso de la leptina, (un péptido anorexígeno), potencia el efecto orexígeno del Ghrelin. Los niveles basales de esta citokina están elelevados en la AHF e inducen en el hipotálamo, un aumento de la actividad del CRH. Esta hormona, a su vez, inhibe la secreción pulsátil del GnRH. El Ghrelin, además de ser un potente GH secretagogo, influye en la secreción de insulina e interviene en la metabolización de los glúcidos y lípidos. Normalmente se puede observar un ascenso preprandial del Ghrelin, seguido por un descenso posprandial relacionado con la sensación de saciedad. En los obesos, este descenso es menos pronunciado y lento. En cambio, en las mujeres anoréxicas la caída de este orexígeno es más rápida. Ambos comportamientos resultan ser acciones desfavorables para sus respectivas patologías. La administración de Ghrelin induce un rápido incremento de la glucemia y reducción de los niveles de insulina. Este aumento de la glucemia precede al descenso de la insulina, sugiriendo que el Ghrelin podría estimular directamente la glucogenólisis en el hígado. La hiperghrelemia podría entonces ser considerada como un probable mecanismo defensivo tendiente a prevenir la hipoglucemia de estas pacientes amenorreicas y desnutridas. Por otro lado, la hiperghrelemia basal en la AHF sería un efecto secundario a la resistencia a la insulina, la cual a su vez, es inducida por los niveles elevados de los ácidos grasos provenientes de la lipólisis que se encuentra acentuada en estas pacientes. La correlación negativa entre la insulina y el Ghrelin probablemente es mediada por el sistema vagal, como lo sugiere el aumento del polipéptido pancreático, un marcador confiable de la actividad vagal. Adicionalmente, el hipercortisolismo de estas pacientes y posiblemente la somatostatina a través de sus receptores en el páncreas, podrían regular en forma negativa la actividad de los receptores de insulina, con el consiguiente incremento del Ghrelin. Conclusión: el ascenso del Ghrelin en la AHF y sus particulares interrelaciones con la insulina y el eje adrenal convergen para mantener el equilibrio homeostático, intentando facilitar así el aporte de metabolitos energéticos a estas pacientes desnutridas, frecuentemente osteosporóticas, inmunodeprimidas y con un alto riesgo cardiovascular.


Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhoea (FHA) reflects a homeostatic adaptive process resulting from a negative energy balance (increased caloric output/expenditure with inadequate nutrient replenishment). Hypothalamic hormones and peripheral neuropeptides from the fat tissue (leptin, adiponectin and other adipokines), the upper gastrointestinal tract (Ghrelin) and pancreas (insulin) are involved in this syndrome. This "peripheral circuit” is functionally interrelated with the central hypothalamic circuit controlling appetite and satiety. The decrease in leptin, an anorexigenic signal, potentiates the orexigenic effect of Ghrelin (the basal levels of Ghrelin are elevated in FHA) and induces an increased CRH activity within the hypothalamus. This hormone, in turn, inhibits pulsatile GnRH secretion. Besides its potent GH secretagogue activity, Ghrelin is a peptide that influences insulin secretion and affects the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Usually, a preprandial increase in Ghrelin levels is observed, followed by a postprandial decrease related to satiety. In obese subjects, this decrease is less marked and slower. Conversely, in anorexic women, the drop in this orexigenic peptide is faster. Both behaviours are unfavourable for the pathologies in which they occur. Ghrelin administration induces a rapid increase in blood glucose and a decrease in insulin levels. The fact that an increase in blood glucose precedes a decrease in insulin might suggest that Ghrelin could directly stimulate hepatic glucogenolysis activity. Thus, hyperghrelinemia might be considered as a potential defence mechanism to prevent hypoglycaemia in undernourished amenorrheic patients. Basal hyperghrelinemia in FHA is secondary to insulin resistance and it is induced by elevated free fatty acids resulting from lipolysis, a process that is increased in patients with FHA. The negative correlation between insulin and Ghrelin is probably mediated by the vagal system, as suggested by the increase in the pancreatic polypeptide, a reliable marker of vagal activity. Additionally, the hypercortisolism that typically occurs in patients with FHA, and possibly somastotatin through its pancreas receptors, could negatively regulate the activity of insulin receptors, with a consequent increase in Ghrelin. Conclusion: the increase in Ghrelin in FHA and its particular interrelations with insulin and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reflect an attempt to maintain the homeostatic balance, contributing to facilitate the supply of energy metabolites in these undernourished patients. These patients commonly develop osteoporosis, immunosuppression and a high risk of cardiovascular disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Energy Malnutrition , Ghrelin/analysis , Ghrelin/metabolism , Malnutrition/physiopathology , Ghrelin/therapeutic use , Homeostasis , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology , Insulin/analysis , Insulin/metabolism
3.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1171290

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: establecer la correlación entre los niveles séricos de grelina y los hallados en fluido folicular, el IMC, y los niveles séricos de estradiol y progesterona. Establecer la asociación entre los niveles plasmáticos de grelina y los resultados reproductivos en cueanto a tasa de embarazo. Diseño: estudio prospectivo de cohortes. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron para el análisis los procedimientos de alta complejidad realizados entre junio y diciembre de 2007 (n=492). Todas las pacientes tuvieron un IMC menor de 26 kg/m2, ritmos menstruales conservados, FSH basal menor de 12 mUI/ml y edad menor de 40 años. Se excluyeron los ciclos con síndrome de ovario poliquístico y/o insulinorresistencia, antecedente de falla previa de fertilización in vitro o ciclos con muestras de espermatozoides provenientes de biopsia de testículo. El grupo de estudio (Grupo A) fue definido por aquellas pacientes con un IMC menor de 20 kg/m2 y se logró incluir un total de 19 ciclos. El grupo control (Grupo B) quedó definido por ciclos con IMC entre 20-25 kg/m2 , los ciclos del grupo B fueron seleccionados de los realizados en el mismo día del grupo A en una relación !:!. De una muestra tomada en el día de la punción ovárica, se realizó el dosaje sérico de grelina, estradiol y progesterona; se utilizó el fluido folicular del primer folículo aspirado libre de medio de lavado. Se evaluó causa de esterilidad, FSH basal, IMC, ovocitos captados, ovocitos metafase II (M II), ovocitos fertilizados, calidad embrionaria, tasas de implantación y embarazo. Resultado: se halló una correlación positiva entre los niveles séricos de grelina y fluido folicular (r=0,72m p<0,05), así como una correlación indirecta significativa entre los niveles de grelina y estradiol y progesterona (r=0,44 y r=0,43 respectivamente, ambos con p<0,05). No se hallaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la edad, % esterilidad primaria,...


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Estradiol/analysis , Ghrelin/analysis , Progesterone/analysis , Fertilization in Vitro
4.
Rev. bras. med. esporte ; 14(3): 182-187, maio-jun. 2008. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-487458

ABSTRACT

A obesidade vem se tornando uma das maiores epidemias mundiais, dessa forma, conhecer sua etiologia e mecanismos que regulam seu desenvolvimento é de grande relevância para o seu Tratamento. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da obesidade exógena induzida pela dieta de cafeteria e da atividade física crônica em ratos, sobre a adiposidade e a concentração sérica dos hormônios reguladores do balanço energético (leptina e grelina). Foram utilizados 32 ratos Wistar machos, divididos em quatro grupos: Sedentário alimentado com dieta padrão (SN), sedentário alimentado com dieta de cafeteria (SC), treinado alimentado com dieta padrão (TN) e treinado alimentado com dieta de cafeteria (TC). A dieta de cafeteria aumentou significativamente a adiposidade central (RET) e visceral (EPI) (p<0,05), induzindo a obesidade. Por outro lado, o treinamento físico minimizou o efeito da dieta de cafeteria, diminuindo tanto a adiposidade central como a visceral. A atividade física crônica não impediu o desenvolvimento da hiperleptinemia nos ratos normocalóricos e alimentados com dieta de cafeteria. Observou-se ainda que decorrente do treinamento físico e consequente redução de massa, nos animais normocalóricos, houve diminuição na concentração plasmática de grelina. Concluímos com este estudo que a qualidade da dieta e a quantidade de tecido adiposo, apresentaram-se como importantes reguladores da concentração plasmática de hormônios reguladores do balanço energético, reforçando a importância de uma dieta adequada e da atividade física contínua na manutenção do peso corporal no combate aos efeitos deletérios da obesidade.


Obesity is becoming one of the biggest worldwide epidemics. Therefore, knowing its etiology and mechanisms that regulate its development is of great relevance for its treatment. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of obesity induced by the palatable hyperlipidic diet and of the chronic physical activity in rats, on the adiposity and the serum concentration of regulating hormones of the energy balance (leptin and ghrelin). 32 male Wistar rats were divided in four groups: Sedentary fed with chow diet (SN), sedentary fed with cafeteria diet (SC), trained fed with chow diet (TN) and trained fed with cafeteria diet (TC). The cafeteria diet led to a significant increase of central (RET) and visceral (EPI) adiposity (p<0.05). Conversely,the exercise training minimized the effect of the cafeteria diet, diminishing the central and visceral adiposity. Leptin was also increased in the groups fed with the cafeteria diet, suggesting increase of the resistance to the action of this hormone. Chronic physical activity did not hinder the development of hyperleptinemia. Reduction in the serum ghrelin concentration was observed only in the normocaloric group. Therefore,it has been concluded that the quality of diet and the quantity of adipose tissue mass behaved as important regulators of the serum concentration of leptin and ghrelin, reinforcing the importance of a suitable diet and continuous physical activity in the maintenance of body weight in the combat to the deleterious effects of obesity.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Diet, High-Fat , Dietary Proteins , Ghrelin/analysis , Leptin/analysis , Obesity/complications , Physical Conditioning, Animal , Rats, Wistar , Swimming
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