ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Bevacizumab has been widely used as a vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist in the treatment of retinal vasoproliferative disorders in adults and, more recently, in infants with retinopathy of prematurity. Recently, it has been proposed that vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a protective factor for neurons and glial cells, particularly in developing nervous tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bevacizumab on the developing retinas of juvenile rabbits. METHODS: Juvenile rabbits received bevacizumab intravitreously in one eye; the other eye acted as an untreated control. Slit-lamp and fundoscopic examinations were performed both prior to and seven days after treatment. At the same time, retina samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry to detect autophagy and apoptosis as well as proliferation and glial reactivity. Morphometric analyses were performed, and the data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: No clinical abnormalities were observed in either treated or untreated eyes. However, immunohistochemical analyses revealed a reduction in the occurrence of programmed cell death and increases in both proliferation and reactivity in the bevacizumab-treated group compared with the untreated group. CONCLUSIONS: Bevacizumab appears to alter programmed cell death patterns and promote gliosis in the developing retinas of rabbits; therefore, it should be used with caution in developing eyes.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rabbits , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/adverse effects , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects , Gliosis/pathology , Retina/drug effects , Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects , Cell Death/drug effects , Gliosis/chemically induced , Intravitreal Injections , Models, Animal , Random Allocation , Retina/growth & development , Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology , Statistics, Nonparametric , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
BioGlue is a newly introduced sealant applied by several cardiovascular surgeons to seal graft anastomoses. This study was carried out to determine the effect of a synthetic BioGlue on the repair of meninges in comparison with contemporary bioadhesives. A synthetic BioGlue was provided by combining 45% human serum albumin and 10% glutaraldehyde. Forty Wistar female rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups [Two case and two control groups]. After craniotomy, dural incision was performed and the motor cortex was exposed. In the case group, the motor cortex was exposed to BioGlue and in the control group, the incision was closed without application of BioGlue. The rats were studied histpathologically after 5 and 14 days postcraniotomy. Synthetic BioGlue caused an acute inflammatory response that resulted in a delayed gliosis in the superficial cerebral cortex, but the deep layers and adjacent areas of cortex were spared. Inflammatory changes and gliosis did not cause cell apoptosis or necrosis. Histopathological changes did not have any clinical significance as they were not accompanied by any neurological deficit or motor weaknesses and exposure to synthetic BioGlue could not cause any clinically significant neurological deficit either. The simplicity of producing this new synthetic BioGlue and its relative low cost, compared to other similar glues, opens a new horizon to the use of this synthetic BioGlue in the neurosurgical field