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1.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2021. 163 f p. tab, graf, fig.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1413709

ABSTRACT

O fim da Guerra Fria, a permanente expansão do neoliberalismo econômico e a ascensão da Globalização, no final do século XX, repercutiram em transformações no comando da saúde em nível internacional, instaurando a Governança da Saúde Global. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) se vê afetada por esse novo contexto e começa a ter sua autoridade e legitimidade contestadas. Essas insatisfações promoveram uma mobilização por mudanças na OMS, em termos de agenda e financiamento. Concomitantemente a esse cenário, e de forma relacionada, ocorre um aumento nas doações voluntárias que a organização recebe, impactando no seu orçamento e também na realização de suas funções. Todas essas mudanças, marcantes na atuação da agência, são de fundamental importância para compreender os esforços globais de garantia do direito à saúde. Assim, com o objetivo de compreender a nova dinâmica de financiamento da OMS e sua relação com a Governança Global da Saúde, pretendemos analisar as contribuições espontâneas e de boa vontade de seus doadores, no período referente ao 12º Programa Geral de Trabalho, compreendido entre 2014-2019.


The end of the Cold War, the permanent expansion of economic neoliberalism and the rise of Globalization at the end of the 20th century resulted in changes in health governance at the international level, establishing Global Health Governance. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been affected by this new context and its authority and legitimacy has begun to be challenged. These dissatisfactions have promoted a mobilization for transformations in the WHO, in terms of agenda and financing. At the same time, and in a related way, there is an increase in voluntary donations to the organization, impacting its budget and the performance of its functions. All these changes impact on the agency's performance and are of fundamental importance to understand global efforts to ensure the right to health. Thus, in order to understand the new dynamics of WHO financing and its relationship with Global Health Governance, we intend to analyze the voluntary contributions of its donors in the period referring to the 12th General Programme of Work (2014-2019).


Subject(s)
World Health Organization , Global Health/economics , Financial Resources in Health , Healthcare Financing , Right to Health
2.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 25(supl.1): 2469-2477, Mar. 2020.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1101063

ABSTRACT

Resumo Este artigo possui o objetivo de realizar uma reflexão teórica sobre os fundamentos histórico-sociais da pandemia de COVID-19. A partir da matriz teórica materialista histórica, evoca-se as categorias da "mundialização do capital", "capital-imperialismo", "compressão espaço-tempo" e "crise estrutural do capital" traçando um percurso que ultrapassa os limites das Ciências da Saúde a fim de entender a saúde global, da qual a pandemia de COVID-19 é expressão. Posteriormente, faz-se o retorno ao campo da saúde, quando a categoria da "determinação social da saúde" permite elucidar as bases da pandemia estudada. Demonstra-se que, para além das características próprias do SARS-CoV-2 ou da dinâmica de rápido trânsito de pessoas e objetos pelo mundo, há outros elementos típicos da atual fase do capitalismo contemporâneo que se tornaram universais, unificando o processo de determinação social da saúde.


Abstract This paper aims to perform a theoretical reflection on the historical-social foundations of the COVID-19 pandemic. The "capital worldization", "capital-imperialism", "space-time compression", and "structural crisis of capital" categories are conjured from the historical materialistic-theoretical matrix, outlining a course that transcends the limits of Health Sciences to understand global health, of which the COVID-19 pandemic is an expression. We then return to the field of health, when the category of "social determination of health" allows elucidating the bases of the pandemic studied. We show that, other elements typical of the current phase of contemporary capitalism have become universal besides the SARS-CoV-2 characteristics or the dynamics of the rapid movement of people and objects around the world, unifying the health social determination process.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/economics , Pneumonia, Viral/etiology , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Global Health/economics , Global Health/statistics & numerical data , Coronavirus Infections/economics , Coronavirus Infections/etiology , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Capitalism , Pandemics/economics , Social Determinants of Health/economics , Betacoronavirus , Time Factors , Public Health , Coronavirus Infections
3.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 24(12): 4395-4404, dez. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055753

ABSTRACT

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar como as crises econômicas afetam a saúde infantil a nível global e entre subgrupos de países com diferentes níveis de renda. Foram utilizados dados do Banco Mundial e da OMS para 127 países entre os anos de 1995 e 2014. Foi utilizado um modelo de efeitos fixos, avaliando o efeito da mudança em indicadores macroeconômicos (PIB per capita, taxa de desemprego e de inflação, e taxa de desconforto) na taxa de mortalidade neonatal, infantil, e de menores de cinco anos. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a modificação do efeito da associação de acordo com a renda dos países e também a influência do gasto público em saúde nessa relação. As evidências mostraram que piores indicadores econômicos (menor PIB per capita e maiores inflação, taxa de desemprego e taxa de desconforto) estão associados com maiores taxas de mortalidade infantil. Nas subamostras por estrato de renda, observa-se a mesma relação, porém com efeitos de maior magnitude entre os países de renda baixa e média. Verificou-se ainda que um maior percentual nos gastos públicos em saúde ameniza os efeitos dos indicadores econômicos nas taxas de mortalidade infantil. Desta forma, é necessário aumentar a atenção aos efeitos nocivos das crises macroeconômicas para garantir melhorias na saúde infantil.


Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze how economic crises affect child health globally and between subgroups of countries with different levels of income. Data from the World Bank and the World Health Organization were used for 127 countries between 1995 and 2014. A fixed effects model was used, evaluating the effect of the change on macroeconomic indicators (GDP per capita, unemployment and inflation rates and misery index) in neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates. Moreover, we evaluated whether there was a change in the association effect according to the income of the countries and also analyzed the role of public health expenditure in this association. Evidence has shown that worse economic indicators (lower GDP per capita, higher inflation, unemployment rates and misery index) are associated with higher child mortality rates. In the subsamples by income strata, the same association is observed, but with effects of greater magnitude for low- and middle-income countries. We also verified that a higher percentage in public health expenditures alleviates the effects of economic indicators on child mortality rates. Thus, more attention needs to be paid to the harmful effects of the macroeconomic crises to ensure improvements in child health.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Infant Mortality , Public Health/economics , Global Health/economics , Economic Recession , Poverty/economics , Unemployment/statistics & numerical data , Developed Countries/economics , Global Health/statistics & numerical data , Regression Analysis , Health Expenditures , Developing Countries/economics , Gross Domestic Product , Inflation, Economic
4.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 42: e51, 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-961784

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT International trade has increased over time, both in volume and as a share of gross domestic product, and international trade agreements have proliferated. This rise in trade has many potential impacts on health outcomes. Trade raises living standards, allowing for greater spending on education and medical care, which improves health. However, trade may worsen intranational inequality, leading to increased stress and adverse impacts on mortality. Labor markets are affected by international trade, and the resulting changes in unemployment, working hours, and injury rates have an impact on health outcomes. Trade may induce adverse environmental impacts, such as increased pollution, leading to worsened health. Reductions in prices as a result of changes to trade policy may increase the consumption of unhealthy goods, including tobacco and processed foods, thus worsening the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases. Trade agreements may affect the ability of governments to legislate health-improving policies. Overall, international trade and trade agreements may have both positive and negative effects on health outcomes; government policy may be used to ameliorate any adverse effects of trade.


RESUMEN El comercio internacional ha aumentado con el transcurso del tiempo, tanto en volumen como en proporción del producto interno bruto, y han proliferado los acuerdos comerciales internacionales. Este incremento del comercio tiene muchas posibles repercusiones sobre los resultados en materia de salud. El comercio eleva los niveles de vida y permite un mayor gasto en educación y atención médica, lo cual mejora la salud. Sin embargo, el comercio puede empeorar la desigualdad intranacional, lo que genera mayor estrés y repercusiones adversas sobre la mortalidad. Los mercados laborales se ven afectados por el comercio internacional, y los cambios resultantes en materia de desempleo, jornadas de trabajo y tasas de traumatismos repercuten sobre los resultados en materia de salud. El comercio puede inducir efectos ambientales adversos, como mayor contaminación, lo que deteriora la salud. La reducción de los precios a consecuencia de los cambios en las políticas comerciales puede aumentar el consumo de productos poco saludables, como el tabaco y los alimentos procesados, lo que empeora la prevalencia de las enfermedades no transmisibles. Los acuerdos comerciales pueden afectar la capacidad de los gobiernos de legislar políticas que mejoren la salud. En términos generales, el comercio internacional y los acuerdos comerciales pueden tener tanto efectos positivos como negativos sobre los resultados en materia de salud, y se puede recurrir a las políticas gubernamentales para mitigar los efectos adversos del comercio.


RESUMO O comércio internacional se expandiu tanto em volume como em proporção do produto interno bruto, multiplicando os acordos comerciais internacionais. Este crescimento pode ter grande impacto na situação da saúde. O comércio eleva o padrão de vida e permite gastos maiores com educação e assistência médica, o que melhora o estado de saúde das pessoas. Porém, pode agravar as desigualdades dentro de um mesmo país, causando aumento no estresse e resultados adversos na mortalidade. O comércio internacional surte efeito nos mercados de trabalho produzindo mudanças na taxa de desemprego, jornadas de trabalho e índices de acidentes que repercutem na saúde. O comércio pode ter um impacto negativo no ambiente, como o aumento da poluição, com prejuízo à saúde das pessoas. A queda nos preços resultante de mudanças na política comercial pode aumentar o consumo de produtos prejudiciais à saúde, como cigarros e alimentos processados, elevando a prevalência de doenças não transmissíveis. Os acordos comerciais podem interferir com a capacidade dos governos de estabelecer políticas para proteger a saúde. O comércio internacional e os acordos comerciais podem ter repercussão positiva ou negativa na saúde e os governos precisam dispor de políticas para atenuar os resultados desfavoráveis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Global Health , Global Health/economics , Internationality , Economics
6.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 31(1): 74-80, ene. 2012.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-618471

ABSTRACT

While U.S. health care reform will most likely reduce the overall number of uninsured Mexican-Americans, it does not address challenges related to health care coverage for undocumented Mexican immigrants, who will remain uninsured under the measures of the reform; documented low-income Mexican immigrants who have not met the five-year waiting period required for Medicaid benefits; or the growing number of retired U.S. citizens living in Mexico, who lack easy access to Medicare-supported services. This article reviews two promising binational initiatives that could help address these challenges-Salud Migrante and Medicare in Mexico; discusses their prospective applications within the context of U.S. health care reform; and identifies potential challenges to their implementation (legal, political, and regulatory), as well as the possible benefits, including coverage of uninsured Mexican immigrants, and their integration into the U.S. health care system (through Salud Migrante), and access to lower-cost Medicare-supported health care for U.S. retirees in Mexico (Medicare in Mexico).


Aunque la reforma del sector sanitario de los Estados Unidos muy probablemente reducirá el número global de ciudadanos estadounidenses de origen mexicano sin cobertura de atención de la salud, esta reforma no afronta los problemas relacionados con esta cobertura para los inmigrantes mexicanos indocumentados, quienes seguirán sin tener seguro aun tras la aplicación de las medidas de la reforma; para los inmigrantes mexicanos documentados de bajos ingresos que no han cumplido el período de espera de cinco años requerido para recibir las prestaciones de Medicaid; o para el número cada vez mayor de ciudadanos estadounidenses jubilados que viven en México y no pueden acceder con facilidad a los servicios de Medicare. En este artículo se analizan dos iniciativas binacionales prometedoras que podrían ayudar a afrontar estos retos: Salud Migrante y Medicare en México. Se tratan además sus futuras aplicaciones dentro del contexto de la reforma del sector sanitario de los Estados Unidos y se señalan los posibles retos para su ejecución (legales, políticos y reglamentarios), al igual que las posibles prestaciones, como la cobertura de los inmigrantes mexicanos no asegurados y su integración en el sistema de atención de la salud de los Estados Unidos (mediante Salud Migrante), y el acceso a atención de la salud de bajo costo, con el apoyo de Medicare, para los jubilados estadounidenses residentes en México (Medicare en México).


Subject(s)
Humans , Emigrants and Immigrants , Emigration and Immigration , Insurance Coverage , Insurance, Health/organization & administration , International Cooperation , Medicare/organization & administration , Transients and Migrants , Emigrants and Immigrants/legislation & jurisprudence , Emigration and Immigration/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Care Reform/economics , Health Care Reform/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services Accessibility/economics , Insurance Coverage/economics , Insurance Coverage/legislation & jurisprudence , Insurance, Health/economics , Insurance, Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Insurance, Major Medical/legislation & jurisprudence , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Medically Uninsured/legislation & jurisprudence , Medicare/legislation & jurisprudence , Mexican Americans , Mexico , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Pilot Projects , Poverty/economics , Retirement/economics , Transients and Migrants/legislation & jurisprudence , United States , Global Health/economics , Global Health/legislation & jurisprudence
7.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 30(2): 133-143, agosto 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-608297

ABSTRACT

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivos a) conocer en qué medida América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) se vio beneficiada por los aumentos de la asistencia internacional para el desarrollo de la salud (ADS) a nivel mundial y si la tendencia observada después de la Cumbre del Milenio, también fue una tendencia observada en la Región, b) determinar si existen diferencias en la distribución de esta asistencia, según el ingreso bruto per cápita de los países, c) identificar el posible efecto de la crisis financiera internacional de 2008 en la ayuda oficial bilateral y d) comparar las tendencias que tuvo el gasto público salud con respecto a la ADS antes y después de la Cumbre del Milenio Se encontró que la ADS en ALC sigue un curso muy diferente al de otras regiones del mundo. A partir de 1997 se entra en un período de estancamiento fluctuante que se extiende hasta 2008, con desembolsos promedios anuales de US$ 1 200 millones. La banca multilateral tuvo una participación de 79 por ciento de los desembolsos promedios entre 2002 y 2008 en los países de ingreso medio alto, mientras que la ayuda oficial bilateral registró la mayor participación (61 por ciento) en los países de ingresos medios bajos y bajos. En este período la ayuda bilateral tiene un crecimiento anual de 13 por ciento, pero en el año posterior a la crisis los desembolsos caen en US$ 20 millones. El 64 por ciento de la ayuda bilateral provino de Estados Unidos, España y Canadá, y el 29 por ciento de la misma se destinó a VIH/Sida y enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Después de la Cumbre del Milenio la ADS canalizada hacia los gobiernos disminuyó en un 30 por ciento entre 2001-2006 y su participación con respecto al gasto público en salud regional fue de 0,30 por ciento en el mismo período, con una proporción igualmente marginal con respecto al gasto total en salud para 2008 (0,37 por ciento; US$ 2 per cápita). Se concluye que después de la Cumbre del Milenio la ADS en ALC no creció ni logró igualar las tendencias antes del 2000 y el gasto público en salud siguió su tendencia de crecimiento histórico, sin mayores incrementos con respecto al producto interno bruto regional. Frente a este panorama y por ser ALC la región más desigual pero no la más pobre del mundo, resulta imperativo replantearse las formas de pensar, conducir y entregar la cooperación para el desarrollo de la salud con enfoques innovadores y mecanismos alternativos de financiamiento que respondan más y mejor a las realidades de la región.


The purpose of this study is (a) to examine the ways in which Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have benefited from increases in international development assistance for health (DAH) at the global level and whether the trend observed after the Millennium Summit has also applied to the Region; (b) to determine whether there are differences in the distribution of this assistance, based on the gross per capita income of each country; (c) to identify the possible effects of the 2008 international financial crisis on official bilateral assistance; and (d) to compare trends in public health expenditure in relation to DAH before and after the Millennium Summit. The study has found that DAH in LAC follows a very different pattern than in other regions of the world. The period from 1997 to 2008 was one of fluctuating stagnation, with average annual disbursements of US$ 1 200 million. Multilateral financial institutions accounted for 79 percent of the average disbursements in the upper-middle income countries between 2002 and 2008, while official bilateral assistance held the greatest share (61 percent) in the low- and lower-middle income countries. Bilateral assistance grew at an annual rate of 13 percent during this period, but in the year after the crisis, disbursements fell to US$ 20 million. Sixty-four percent of bilateral assistance came from the United States, Spain, and Canada, with 29 percent of it being directed to HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. After the Millennium Summit DAH channeled to governments decreased 30 percent in the period 2001-2006, and its share of public health expenditure in the region was 0.3 percent for the same period, with an equally marginal proportion in relation to total health expenditure for 2008 (0.37 percent; US$ 2 per capita). The study concludes that after the Millennium Summit, DAH in LAC did not grow nor did it equal the trends prior to 2000, and public health expenditure followed its historical growth trend, without further increases in relation to the regional gross domestic product. Given these realities and the fact that LAC is the world's most unequal region, but not its poorest, it is imperative to reconsider the concepts, management, and delivery of cooperation in the development of health, using innovative approaches and alternative financing mechanisms that respond more effectively to the realities of the region.


Subject(s)
Humans , Financing, Organized/organization & administration , International Cooperation , Public Health/economics , Global Health/economics , Caribbean Region , Developing Countries/economics , Goals , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Planning Support , Health Promotion/economics , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Health Services Needs and Demand , Latin America , Pan American Health Organization/economics , Pan American Health Organization/organization & administration , World Health Organization/economics , World Health Organization/organization & administration
8.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 30(2): 148-152, agosto 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-608299

ABSTRACT

Estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo dirigido a identificar mecanismos y acciones que contribuyan a armonizar la vigilancia de la salud interfronteriza para dar respuestas oportunas y efectivas a eventos que puedan amenazar la seguridad sanitaria internacional. Se analizaron las capacidades de Brasil, Colombia y Perú en tres áreas: a) marco legal y administrativo; b) capacidad para detectar, evaluar y notificar situaciones de riesgo y c) capacidad para investigar, intervenir y comunicar situaciones de riesgo sanitario internacional. La recolección de datos se hizo mediante revisión documental, talleres, trabajo grupal y entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores clave de la vigilancia sanitaria en los tres países. El promedio nacional de capacidades para el trío de países en "marco legal y administrativo" fue de 69,4 por ciento; en "capacidad para detectar, evaluar y notificar", 83,3 por ciento, y en "capacidad para investigar, intervenir y comunicar situaciones de riesgo", 78,7 por ciento. Se deben dirigir más recursos hacia acciones coordinadas entre los tres países para fortalecer la vigilancia y el control de la salud pública en sus zonas de frontera.


A quantitative and qualitative study to identify mechanisms and actions to help harmonize cross-border health surveillance and provide a timely and effective response to events that may threaten international health security. The capacities of Brazil, Colombia, and Peru were analyzed in three areas: (a) the legal and administrative framework; (b) the ability to detect, evaluate, and report risk situations and (c) the ability to investigate, intervene in, and communicate international health risk situations. Data were collected through a document review, workshops, group work, and semistructured interviews with key individuals in health surveillance in the three countries. The average national capacity for the trio of countries within "the legal and administrative framework" was 69.4 percent; 83.3 percent in "the ability to detect, evaluate and report"; and 78.7 percent in "the ability to investigate, intervene in, and communicate international health risk situations." More resources should be directed toward coordinated action among the three countries in order to strengthen surveillance and public health monitoring in their border areas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Emigration and Immigration , International Cooperation , Population Surveillance , Public Health , Global Health , Brazil/epidemiology , Colombia/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Disease Notification/economics , Disease Notification/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Promotion , Interinstitutional Relations , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Models, Theoretical , Peru/epidemiology , Public Health Administration , Risk , Global Health/economics , Global Health/legislation & jurisprudence
9.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 30(2): 167-176, agosto 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-608302

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Determinar la forma en que los países del Mercosur acceden, regulan y financian los medicamentos de alto costo (MAC) y proponer estrategias de selección y financiación conjunta a nivel sub-regional. MÉTODOS: Diseño cualitativo, utilizando análisis de contenido de fuentes primarias y secundarias, revisiones documentales, entrevistas, grupos focales y análisis de casos Las variables seleccionadas incluyeron: criterios de selección, acceso, financiación y regulación en los distintos países. Los MAC se clasificaron en aquellos que no modifican el curso natural de la enfermedad y aquellos que tiene eficacia demostrada, utilizando la dosis diaria definida para comparar los costos entre tratamientos clásicos y los realizados con MAC. RESULTADOS: Los países del Mercosur carecen en su gran mayoría de estrategias formales para enfrentar las demandas de MAC, y gobiernos y aseguradoras terminan por financiarlos por vía judicial. Los análisis de casos muestran que existen MAC sin eficacia comprobada que igualmente generan demanda. Las compras atomizadas, los compromisos internacionales respecto a propiedad intelectual y el bajo poder de negociación incrementan los precios de MAC exponencialmente, poniendo en riesgo la economía de los sistemas sanitarios. CONCLUSIONES: Los MAC deben ser regulados y seleccionados racionalmente permitiendo que solo aquellos que beneficien sustantivamente a la población sean aceptados. Para financiar los MAC así seleccionados se requieren estrategias comunes entre países que incluyan opciones tales como flexibilidades de acuerdos comerciales, creación de fondos nacionales de recursos o compra conjunta entre países para potenciar su poder de negociación.


OBJECTIVE: Determine how the Mercosur countries access, regulate, and finance costly drugs and propose joint selection and financing strategies at the subregional level. METHODS: Qualitative design, using content analyses of primary and secondary sources, document reviews, interviews, focus groups, and case studies. The variables selected included: selection criteria, access, financing, and regulations in the various countries. Costly drugs were divided into those that do not alter the natural course of the disease and those with demonstrated efficacy, using the defined daily dose to compare the costs of classical treatments and those involving costly drugs. RESULTS: The Mercosur countries generally lack formal strategies for dealing with the demand for costly drugs, and governments and insurers wind up financing them by court order. The case studies show that there are costly drugs whose efficacy has not been established but that nonetheless generate demand. The fragmentation of procurement, international commitments with regard to intellectual property, and low negotiating power exponentially increase the price of costly drugs, putting health system finances in jeopardy. CONCLUSIONS: Costly drugs must be regulated and rationally selected so that only those that substantively benefit people are accepted. To finance the drugs so selected, common country strategies are needed that include such options as flexible in trade agreements, the creation of national resource funds, or joint procurement by countries to enhance their negotiating power.


Subject(s)
Drug Costs , Health Services Accessibility , International Agencies/organization & administration , International Cooperation , Pharmaceutical Preparations/economics , Global Health/economics , Algorithms , Argentina , Brazil , Commerce/economics , Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence , Cost Savings , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Developing Countries/economics , Drug Costs/legislation & jurisprudence , Financing, Organized , Health Services Accessibility/economics , Health Services Needs and Demand , International Agencies/economics , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Paraguay , Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , Poverty , Therapies, Investigational/economics , Uruguay
12.
International Affairs ; 79(1)Jan. 2003.
Article in English | LILACS, BDS | ID: biblio-832107

ABSTRACT

Despite spectacular twentieth century scientific and technological progress, the world is more inequitable than it was fifty years ago. This is evident both in terms of access to health care for individuals, and in relation to the health of whole populations. Disparities in wealth and health within and between nations are widening inexorably and the rapidly expanding global economy has failed to reduce poverty among those with little if any access to health care. In this context the Universal Declaration of Human Rights remains an unrealized aspiration for the majority of the world's people. Given these realities, no single discipline, or body of knowledge is likely to make much difference. For example, approaches based only on neo­liberal economics, as exemplified by the structural adjustment programmes of the World Bank, have not been successful in promoting health equity. The authors believe that an interdisciplinary approach is required, and that bioethics, an interdisciplinary field, can make a contribution towards improving health globally. To do this, the scope of bioethics should be expanded towards a results­oriented global health ethics, based upon widely shared and foundational values that could be carried forward through five transformational approaches.


Subject(s)
Global Health/economics , Health Inequities , Bioethics , Global Health , Health Services Accessibility/economics
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