ABSTRACT
Abstract In the last five years there has been a resurgence of scholarly research and museum exhibitions on the history of HIV and AIDS. This work has called into question some of the conventions of archiving and interpreting the history of the pandemic. It is increasingly clear that a narrow range of materials have been saved. As historians and curators turn to these holdings for analysis and exhibition, they find they inadequately represent the impact of AIDS across diverse groups as well as the range of local, national, international responses. This essay considers some of the factors that shape collection of the material culture, particularly the heritage of public health, and the consequences for our understanding of lessons from the past.
Resumo Nos últimos cinco anos, retomaram-se as pesquisas acadêmicas e exposições museológicas sobre a história do HIV e da aids. Este trabalho questiona algumas das convenções de arquivamento e interpretação da história da pandemia. Fica cada vez mais claro que foi preservada uma pequena amostra de materiais. À medida que historiadores e curadores recorrem a esse patrimônio para análise e exposição, descobrem que representam de maneira inadequada o impacto da aids em diversos grupos, bem como o escopo das respostas locais, nacionais e internacionais. Este artigo considera alguns dos fatores que influenciam a coleção de cultura material, em particular o legado da saúde pública e as consequências de nossa compreensão das lições do passado.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Archives , HIV Infections/history , Public Health/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Museums , HIV Infections/transmission , Homosexuality, Male/historySubject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care , HIV Infections/therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy , Brazil , Health Policy , HIV Infections/history , Population Forecast , Condoms/statistics & numerical data , Disease Outbreaks/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) undertook screening of asymptomatic persons from high risk group with the ELISA test for HIV infection in 1986 and found that HIV infection has reached India. ICMR in collaboration with the central and State health services initiated the national sero- surveillance programme for HIV infection in 43 surveillance and five reference centres to determine the major modes of transmission and magnitude of infection. Data from the sero-surveillance showed that HIV infection was present in all the known high risk groups and in the general population in all the States both in urban and rural areas. HIV was getting transmitted through all the known modes of transmission. In most States heterosexual transmission was predominant but in Manipur intravenous (iv) drug use was the most common mode of transmission. Prevalence of HIV infection in high risk groups was not high and that in low risk groups was quite low. ICMR initiated hospital based sentinel surveillance in high risk groups and general population to obtain time trends in seroprevalence. Between 1986 and 1991, National AIDS Programme was carried out as a collaborative effort of ICMR, and central and State health services. As the dimensions of the epidemic unfolded, rational evidence based interventions which could be implemented within the existing health system, were initiated. National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) continued and upscaled all these interventions. Effective implementation of a multi-pronged, rational strategy for HIV infection containment and control right from the initial stages, and dedicated work done by committed professionals belonging to government and voluntary sectors, cultural ethos of the country, responsible behaviour of the population and relatively low iv drug use have resulted in rapid decline in new infection and in prevalence of infection within a quarter of a century after the initial detection of HIV.
Subject(s)
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Government Programs/history , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/history , History, 20th Century , India/epidemiology , Prevalence , Public Health/methods , Sentinel SurveillanceABSTRACT
La Dirección General de Servicios de Salud a través del Componente de ITS,VIH, y SIDA del Minitserio de Salud y la Asociación Nicaraguense de Infectología, han elaborado estas recomendaciones de tratamiento, dirigidas a médicos generales y médicos especialistas con el objetivo de brindar las herramientas necesarias que permitan al clínico la toma de decisiones sobre las diferentes esquemas terapéuticos para el manejo de la infección por VIH, e infecciones Oportunistas en el entorno de la atención integral de las personas con VIH en nuestro país. Además esta guía trata de abordar los diferentes tópicos de manera sencilla y esquematizada para facilitar su implementación en diferentes niveles de atención institucional. Estos tópicos incluyen aspectos relacionados al diagnóstico de la infección, a los criterios de inicio y cambio de la TAR en adultos, asi como el abordaje integral tanto a nivel ambulatorio como hospitalario...
Subject(s)
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/historyABSTRACT
Se trata de abordar de manera breve la historia del descubrimiento del virus VIH productor del Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA). Se exponen las teorías que tratan de explicar su surgimiento así como las más aceptadas en estos momentos. Se reconoce el surgimiento en África del virus, así como su presencia anterior a la década de los 80 del pasado siglo. También se hace una breve reseña del estado actual de las investigaciones acerca de la terapéutica y la búsqueda de una vacuna, que se dificulta por las trasformaciones génicas del propio virus teniendo una variabilidad de recombinación elevada, por lo que lo más eficaz en estos momentos constituye aún la prevención.
In a short way we approached the history of the discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus causing the Adult's Immunodeficiency Syndrome. We expose all the theories that try to explain its beggining and also those wich are more accepted at this moment. We recognize the emergency of the virus in Africa, and also its precense before the 80 es of the last century. We also make a short review on the current status of the investigations on its therapeutics and on the searchs for a vaccine, difficulted by genic transformations of the proper virus, which shows an elevated recombination variability. That is why, prevention is the most eficaceous way of avoiding it.
Subject(s)
Humans , History of Medicine , HIV Infections/etiology , HIV Infections/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/historyABSTRACT
O uso de uma atividade instrucional específica nas Artes Cinemáticas (enquanto Humanidade Médica) para mediar o ensino/aprendizagem de objetivos humanísticos na Educação Médica. Analisou-se o filme And the band played on, identificaram-se aspectos médicos relevantes e proveram-se exemplos concretos do uso da discussão do filme como atividade instrucional. A análise fílmica abordou aspectos narratológicos e estilísticos, gerando interpretações centradas na crise vocacional do protagonista e na análise da instância narrativa. /This thesis proposes the use of a specific instructional activity in the Cinematic Arts (as Medical Humanities) to mediate the teaching/learning of humanistic objectives in Medical Education. The movie And the band played on was analyzed, relevant medical aspects were identified and concrete examples were provided to attest to the potential use of the film discussion as instructional activity. Film analysis consisted of narratological elationship and breaking bad news were approached...