Disfunção diastólica e sua importância para o anestesiologista / Diastolic dysfunction and its importance to the anesthesiologist

O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma revisão das alterações fisiopatológicas da disfunção diastólica (DD), além de indicar as causas que originam esta doença, mostrar a importância de se conhecerem as interações dos agentes anestésicos e as repercussões das alterações hemodinâmicas nos pacientes portadores de DD...

The aim of this paper is to review the pathophysiological changes of diastolic dysfunction (DD), besides pointing out the causes of this disease, showing the importance of knowing the interactions of anesthetics and the effects of hemodynamic changes in patients with DD...

The effects of iron deficiency anemia on p wave duration and dispersion

OBJECTIVES: The association between P wave dispersion and iron deficiency anemia has not been documented in the literature. In this study, we evaluated P wave dispersion in patients with iron deficiency anemia and the possible relationships between P wave dispersion and other echocardiographic parameters. INTRODUCTION: The iron status of an individual may play an important role in cardiovascular health. Anemia is an independent risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. P wave dispersion is a simple electrocardiographic marker that has a predictive value for the development of atrial fibrillation. Apart from cardiovascular diseases, several conditions, such as seasonal variation, alcohol intake and caffeine ingestion, have been demonstrated to affect P wave dispersion. METHODS: The study included 97 patients who had iron deficiency anemia and 50 healthy subjects. The cases were evaluated with a clinical examination and diagnostic tests that included 12-lead electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, patients with iron deficiency anemia showed significantly longer maximum P wave duration (Pmax) (91.1±18.0 vs. 85.8±6.7 msec, p=0.054), P wave dispersion (PWD) (48.1±7.7 vs. 40.9±5.6 msec, p<0.001), mitral inflow deceleration time (DT) (197.5±27.9 vs. 178.8±8.9 msec, p<0.001) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) (93.3±9.2 vs. 77.4±8.2 msec, p<0.001); they also showed increased heart rate (85.7±16.1 vs. 69.0±4.4, p<0.001) and frequency of diastolic dysfunction (7 (7.2 percent) vs. 0). Correlation analysis revealed that PWD was significantly correlated with IVRT, DT, heart rate, the presence of anemia and hemoglobin level. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency anemia may be associated with prolonged P wave duration and dispersion and impaired diastolic left ventricular filling.

Echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic dysfunction in normotensive patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus

Diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients is believed to represent an earlier stage in the natural history of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Previously published reports on the prevalence of LV diastolic dysfunction in diabetics are conflicting, mainly because of the confounding effect of systemic hypertension and coronary artery disease [CAD] and neglecting to account for pseudonormal patterns of ventricular filling. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of diastolic functions in patients with type-2 diabetes without co-existing hypertension or known CAD and to assess the risk factors for the development of diastolic dysfunction in such patients. A total of 100 normotensive patients with type-2 diabetes without any history of cardiac illnesses and 50 age and sex matched healthy controls, were enrolled in this work. All patients and controls underwent conventional Doppler echocardiography, color M-mode echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging [TDI]. In the diabetic group, 76% had diastolic dysfunction. Impaired relaxation and pseudonormal filling pattern were observed in 30% and 46% of our diabetics respectively. On the other hand, impaired relaxation and pseudonormal filling pattern were observed in 8% and 2% of the controls. The diabetics with diastolic dysfunction were older and had more central obesity than those with normal diastolic function. Both age and waist circumference were associated with the presence of diastolic dysfunction but age was the only independent risk factor for such condition. The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction is very high in normotensive type-2 diabetics, who are free of clinically detectable heart disease. Patient's age appears to be an independent risk factors for such condition in such patients

Disfunção diastólica: sua importância para o anestesiologista / Diastolic dysfunction: it's importance to anesthesiologists

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Até recentemente, a insuficiência cardíaca foi vista como conseqüência primária da perda da capacidade contráctil do coraçäo. Nos últimos anos, após a constataçäo de que pacientes com sinais e sintomas clássicos de insuficiência cardíaca tinham funçäo sistólica ventricular preservada, grande importância à funçäo diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo vem sendo dada. O aumento da perspectiva de vida da populaçäo, a melhoria das técnicas cirúrgicas e anestésicas e a grande incidência dos seus fatores predisponentes fazem com que, cada vez mais, pacientes com disfunçäo ou insuficiência diastólica apresentem-se para procedimentos anestésicos. Este artigo tem como objetivo rever a definiçäo, causas, prevalência, diagnóstico, tratamento da disfunçäo diastólica, além da abordagem anestésica dos pacientes que a apresentam. CONTEUDO: Revisäo sobre a funçäo diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo e implicaçöes da disfunçäo diastólica para o anestesiologista. CONCLUSÖES: Näo há benefício comprovado de uma técnica anestésica sobre outra. Os principais objetivos anestésicos visam à manutençäo da volemia e do ritmo sinusal, além de evitar taquicardia, hipertensäo arterial e isquemia miocárdica. As drogas mais freqüentemente usadas com esses objetivos säo os beta-bloqueadores