ABSTRACT
Ebola virus (EV) is one of the most virulent human pathogens. Fruits bats are its natural reservoir, the transmission to humans is across wild animals (especially primates) and the propagation in human populations is through bodily fluid contact. The actual outbreak started in December 2013 and crossed continental borders. Up to now, there are 17,145 suspected and confirmed cases with 6,070 deaths, resulting a total case fatality rate of 35%. Clinical manifestations can be divided in 3 phases. In phase I, symptoms are similar to flu, which may appear in a range of 2 to 21 days. In phase II which occurs in over 50% of cases, visceral symptoms and mucocutaneous manifestations appear within 4 and 5 days of the onset of symptoms. The main symptoms are a macular or maculopapular non-pruritic rash, desquamation and mucosal involvement of eyes, mouth and pharynx. In phase III, recovery or death occurs. The diagnosis is made on clinical grounds, epidemiological suspicion and a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The treatment is supportive. If there is a suspected case, it should be notified immediately and all relevant safety measures should be instituted.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Disease Outbreaks , Ebolavirus , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/diagnosis , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/physiopathologyABSTRACT
The key role of carbohydrates in many biological events has attracted the interest of the scientific community. This fact has demanded the access to new tools necessary to understand this role and the interaction of carbohydrates with their corresponding receptors, lectins. Glycodendrimers and glycodendritic structures in general, have demonstrated to be very efficient and interesting tools to intervene in those processes where carbohydrates participate. In this review, we discuss the different glycodendritic structures that have been used to interfere with DC-SIGN, a very attractive lectin involved in infection processes and in the regulation of the immune response.
O papel chave dos carboidratos em muitos eventos biológicos tem atraído interesse da comunidade científica. Este fato demonstrou o acesso de novas ferramentas para a compreensão da interação dos carboidratos com seus receptores correspondentes, lectinas. Glicodendrímeros e estruturas glicodendríticas, em geral, mostram-se como ferramentas muito eficientes e interessantes para intervir nos processos em que os carboidratos participam. Nesta revisão, discutimos diferentes estruturas glicodendríticas que têm sido úteis para interferir com DC-SIGN, uma lectina muito atraente envolvida em processos infecciosos e na regulação da resposta imune.
Subject(s)
Dendritic Cells , HIV/classification , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/physiopathology , Mannose/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Los recientes acontecimientos de infección por ántrax en los Estados Unidos de América, en el contexto de posibles ataques bioterroristas han motivado el reflexionar sobre la gama de organismos biológicos susceptibles de utilizarse como armas en la guerra bioquímica y biológica. Dichos agentes van más allá del bacilo del ántrax e incluyen, entre otros, el virus de la viruela, las bacterias causantes de la peste, el botulismo, la brucelosis y zoonosis como la fiebre aftosa. El presente trabajo está orientado a describir las principales características de dichos problemas y las medidas sanitarias destinadas a su prevención, detección oportuna y tratamiento.