Manejo quirúrgico de la endometriosis colorrectal: monografía destacada del curso de la SACP 2019 / Surgical Management of Colorectal Endometriosis: featured monograph from the 2019 SACP Course

La endometriosis es una de las patologías ginecológicas benignas más frecuente, ocurre en un 7-10% de las mujeres en edad reproductiva y es causal de dolores crónicos e infertilidad. Se trata de una población joven y sana por lo demás. La sospecha diagnóstica de esta entidad debe ser alta y su manejo multidisciplinario.La endometriosis colorrectal representa una variable altamente incapacitante y es aquí donde se plantea la necesidad de un tratamiento más agresivo para su resolución. Frente a esto nos preguntamos, ¿qué rol tiene la cirugía?, ¿cuáles serían sus ventajas y desventajas?, ¿por qué deberíamos elegirla como método terapéutico?.La presente monografía fue inspirada en todas las pacientes que nos plantearon esta controversia. Que motivaron interconsultas, ateneos, búsqueda de bibliografía. Que generaron discusiones, dudas e incertidumbres y nos hicieron salir del rol de cirujanos al que estamos habituados y nos enseñaron a acompañar, cuando no pudimos curar

Pharmacological treatment for symptomatic adenomyosis: a systematic review / Tratamento farmacológico para adenomiose sintomática: revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective To assess the efficacy of non-surgical treatment for adenomyosis. Data Sources A search was performed by two authors in the Pubmed, Scopus, and Scielo databases and in the grey literature from inception to March 2018, with no language restriction. Selection of Studies We have included prospective randomized studies for treating symptomaticwomen with adenomyosis (abnormal uterine bleeding and/or pelvic pain) diagnosed by ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. Data Collection Studies were primarily selected by title and abstract. The articles that were eligible for inclusion were evaluated in their entirety, and their data was extracted for further processing and analysis. Data Synthesis From567retrieved records only 5 remained for analysis. The intervention groups were: levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS)(n= 2), dienogest (n= 2), and letrozole (n= 1). Levonorgestrel intrauterine system was effective to control bleeding when compared to hysterectomy or combined oral contraceptives (COCs). One study assessed chronic pelvic pain and reported that LNG-IUS was superior to COC to reduce symptoms. Regarding dienogest, it was efficient to reduce pelvic pain when compared to placebo or goserelin, but less effective to control bleeding than gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog. Letrozolewas as efficient asGnRHanalog to relieve dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, but not for chronic pelvic pain. Reduction of uterine volumewas seen with aromatase inhibitors, GnRH analog, and LGN-IUD. Conclusion Levonorgestrel intrauterine system and dienogest have significantly improved the control of bleeding and pelvic pain, respectively, in women with adenomyosis. However, there is insufficient data from the retrieved studies to endorse eachmedication for this disease. Further randomized control tests (RCTs) are needed to address pharmacological treatment of adenomyosis.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de tratamento não cirúrgico para adenomiose. Fontes de dados: Uma pesquisa foi realizada por dois autores nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo e na literatura cinzenta desde o início de cada base de dados até março de 2018, sem restrição de idioma. Seleção de estudos: Incluímos estudos prospectivos randomizados para tratamento de mulheres sintomáticas com adenomiose (sangramento uterino anormal e/ou dor pélvica) diagnosticadas por ultrassonografia ou ressonância magnética. Coleta de dados: Os estudos foram selecionados principalmente por título e resumo. Os artigos que preencheram os critérios de inclusão foram avaliados na íntegra, e seus dados foram extraídos para posterior processamento e análise. Síntese dos dados: De 567 registros recuperados, somente 5 permaneceram para análise. Os grupos de intervenção foram: sistema intrauterino de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG) (n= 2), dienogest (n= 2), e letrozol (n= 1). O SIU-LNG foi efetivo no controle do sangramento quando comparado à histerectomia ou aos contraceptivos orais combinados (COCs).Umestudo avaliou a dor pélvica crônica e relatou que o SIU-LNGfoi superior ao COC para reduzir os sintomas.Emrelação ao dienogest, este foi eficienteemreduzir a dor pélvica quando comparado ao placebo ou à goserelina, mas foi menos eficaz no controle do sangramento do que o análogo do hormônio liberador de gonadotropina (GnRH). O letrozol foi tão eficiente quanto o análogo do GnRH para aliviar a dismenorreia e a dispareunia, mas não para a dor pélvica crônica. Redução do volume uterino foi observada com inibidores de aromatase, análogo de GnRH, e SIU-LNG. Conclusão: O SIU-LNG e dienogest apresentaram bons resultados para o controle de sangramento e dor pélvica, respectivamente, em mulheres com adenomiose. No entanto, não há dados suficientes para endossar cada medicação para tratar essa doença. Futuros estudos randomizados são necessários para avaliar o tratamento farmacológico da adenomiose.

Bromocriptine for Control of Hyperthermia in a Patient with Mixed Autonomic Hyperactivity after Neurosurgery: A Case Report

Mixed autonomic hyperactivity disorder (MAHD) among patients with acquired brain injury can be rare. A delayed diagnosis of MAHD might exacerbate the clinical outcome and increase healthcare expenses with unnecessary testing. However, MAHD is still an underrecognized and evolving disease entity. A 25-yr-old woman was admitted the clinic due to craniopharyngioma. After an extensive tumor resection, she complained of sustained fever, papillary contraction, hiccup, lacrimation, and sighing. An extensive evaluation of the sustained fever was conducted. Finally, the cause for MAHD was suspected, and the patient was successfully treated with bromocriptine for a month.

Moduladores seletivos dos receptores da progesterona: revisão da literatura / Selective modulators of progesterone receptors: literature review

Os moduladores seletivos dos receptores da progesterona (MSRP) são substâncias sintéticas derivadas dos esteroides que têm a capacidade de ocupar os receptores da progesterona e passam a ter ação como antagonista, agonista-antagonista ou agonista desse hormônio, dependendo do tecido alvo. Essas variedades de ações favorecem a utilização dessas substâncias para o tratamento da miomatose uterina, endometriose, entre outros, tendo também importante aplicação na anticoncepção e na reprodução assistida. O mecanismo de ação dos MSRP não está completamente elucidado, uma vez que intercalam efeitos sinérgicos e antagônicos aos da progesterona. Entretanto, sabe-se que têm efeito antiproliferativo, antiangiogênico, aumentam os índices de apoptose celular e promovem uma diminuição do aporte sanguíneo das artérias uterinas e dos vasos espiralados do endométrio. O tempo de utilização dessas drogas é restrito devido aos seus efeitos adversos relacionados, principalmente, alterações endometriais, propriedades abortivas de alguns compostos e efeitos adversos associados com a dose e a utilização em longo prazo.

The selective modulators of progesterone receptors (MSRP) are synthetic compounds derived from steroids that have the ability to bind the progesterone receptor. These substances can act as an antagonist, agonist-antagonist or agonist of the progesterone, and these effects are specific for each target tissue. These properties favor the use of these substances for the treatment of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. These componds can also be used in assisted reproduction and contraception. The precise mechanism by which MSRP acts is not fully understood. However, it is known that these componds have antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects. Also, MSRP promotes an increase in the rates of apoptosis and decreased blood supply of uterine arteries and vessels of the endometrium. The time of use of these drugs is restricted due to its adverse effects mainly related to endometrial changes, its abortion properties, and adverse effects associated with dose and long-term use.

Pharmacological management of Cushing's syndrome: an update

The treatment of choice for Cushing's syndrome remains surgical. The role for medical therapy is twofold. Firstly it is used to control hypercortisolaemia prior to surgery to optimize patient's preoperative state and secondly, it is used where surgery has failed and radiotherapy has not taken effect. The main drugs used inhibit steroidogenesis and include metyrapone, ketoconazole, and mitotane. Drugs targeting the hypothalamic-pituitary axis have been investigated but their roles in clinical practice remain limited although PPAR-gamma agonist and somatostatin analogue som-230 (pasireotide) need further investigation. The only drug acting at the periphery targeting the glucocorticoid receptor remains Mifepristone (RU486). The management of Cushing syndrome may well involve combination therapy acting at different pathways of hypercortisolaemia but monitoring of therapy will remain a challenge.

O tratamento de escolha para a síndrome de Cushing ainda é a cirurgia. O papel da terapia medicamentosa é duplo: ele é usado para controlar o hipercortisolismo antes da cirurgia e otimizar o estado pré-operatório do paciente e, adicionalmente, quando ocorre falha cirúrgica e a radioterapia ainda não se mostrou efetiva. Os principais medicamentos são empregados para inibir a esteroidogênese e incluem: metirapona, cetoconazol e mitotano. Medicamentos visando o eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário têm sido investigados, mas seu papel na prática clínica permanece limitado, embora o agonista PPAR-gama e análogo de somatostatina, som-230 (pasireotídeo), requeira estudos adicionais. A única droga que age perifericamente no receptor glicocorticóide é a mifepristona (RU486). O manejo da síndrome de Cushing deve envolver uma combinação terapêutica atuando em diferentes vias da hipercortisolemia, mas o monitoramento dessa terapia ainda permanece um desafio.

Galactorrhea in a 14-year-old girl.

The authors report a 14-year-old girl who had galactorrhea with regular menstruation. Furthermore, this galactorrhea case was associated with hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma. The patient tolerated and responded well to therapy with bromocriptine. The serum prolactin levels decreased from 103.27 ng/mL to 24.25 ng/mL after 8 weeks of treatment and 12.48 ng/mL after 6 months of treatment. No pituitary tumor was demonstrated after 12 months of therapy and the galactorrhea had not recurred 1 year after ending the bromocriptine treatment.

GnRH antagonists in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocols in assisted reproductive technique programmes--current concepts.

Gonadotrophin (Gn) preparations eg, human menopausal gonadotrophins, follicle stimulating hormone both urinary and recombinant have been highly successful in achieving controlled ovarian hyperstimulation which has become the standard practice in assisted reproductive technique cycles. The fine programming of cycles requires blocking of endogenous luteinising hormone surge, the final ovulation trigger. GnRH analogues, both agonists and antagonists which were developed by substituting amino acids are highly effective in preventing LH surge. Both agonists and antagonists have been developed generating a fierce debate regarding the superiority of one above another. This article is a brief review of literature and attempts to clarify following issues: (a) Major differences between agonists and antagonists. (b) Brief outline of antagonist protocol. (c) Comparative advantages and disadvantages. (d) Use of antagonists in various categories of patients. (e) Future! Can antagonists replace agonists?

Breastfeeding a baby with mother on Bromocripine.

Prolactinomas, the most common pituitary adenomas, are important causes of infertility. Bromocriptine remains the treatment of choice for managing hyperprolactinemia in most of these cases. Breastfeeding in mothers receiving bromocriptine is often doubtful and matter of concern for most people. Here we report a case, where by timely intervention and skilled counseling, exclusive breastfeeding could be established in a mother receiving bromocriptine for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia.

Uso de antagonista de GnRH (cetrorelix) em dose única para evitar ovulações prematuras em ciclos de fertilização assistida / Single dose of GnRH antagonist (cetrorelix) to avoid premature ovulation in assisted fertilization cycles

OBJETIVO: verificar a eficácia de uma dose única subcutânea de acetato de cetrorelix em evitar a ovulaçäo prematura em ciclos de fertilizaçäo assistida. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo, randomizado e controlado, pelo qual foram avaliados 20 ciclos de estimulaçäo ovariana em mulheres submetidas a fertilizaçäo assistida, 10 das quais utilizaram o esquema tradicional de bloqueio hipofisário com análogos de GnRH em doses diárias (grupo controle) e 10 utilizaram antagonista de GnRH em dose única de 3 mg no 7º dia de estimulaçäo ovariana (grupo cetrorelix). Foram dosados FSH, LH, estradiol e progesterona no soro no primeiro e sétimo dia da estimulaçäo, no dia da injeçäo de HCG e no dia da captaçäo de oócitos. Os grupos foram comparados entre si quanto a eficácia do bloqueio hipofisário (nível de progesterona no dia da aplicaçäo do HCG) e desempenho nos ciclos de fertilizaçäo assistida (ampolas de gonadotrofinas utilizadas, folículos maiores que 18 mm, oócitos captados, taxas de fertilizaçäo, implantaçäo e gravidez) utilizando os testes de Mann-Whitney e exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: näo houve diferença significativa entre os grupos controle e cetrorelix, respectivamente, para a mediana da idade (31,5 e 34 anos), índice de massa corpórea (24 e 22), ampolas de gonadotrofinas utilizadas (34 e 32), folículos recrutados (3,5 e 3,0), oócitos captados (11 e 5), embriöes obtidos (4 e 3), taxas de fertilizaçäo (93,7 e 60 por cento, p = 0,07) e gravidez (50 e 60 por cento, p = 0,7). Em ambos os grupos observou-se bloqueio hipofisário eficaz durante o período de estimulaçäo ovariana. CONCLUSÖES: estes resultados confirmam a eficácia da dose única de 3 mg de acetato de cetrorelix em prevenir ovulaçöes prematuras em pacientes submetidas a fertilizaçäo assistida, mostrando tendência a obtençäo de menor número de embriöes e menores taxas de fertilizaçäo no grupo cetrorelix em relaçäo ao grupo controle. As taxas de implantaçäo e gravidez foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. Estudos prospectivos com maior número de pacientes säo necessários para confirmar estes achados

Macroprolactinomas masquerading as pseudoprolactinomas: the high dose hook effect

Serum prolactin level is very important to discriminate prolactiomas from other causes of hyperprolactinemia, specially pseudoprolactinomas. We describe two hyperprolactinemic men: case 1 is 28y old with headache, left eye visual loss and ptosis associated with a huge mass of the sellar region who was operated on elsewhere by transcranial route. These was no visual amelioration. Two months after surgery the patient was admitted to our Unit with impairment of right eye vision. Galactorrhea was found and imaging evaluation showed persistence of a large tumor. After blood sampling for hormonal assessment, oral bromocriptine (10 mg/day) was started and a dramatic right visual improvement was noticed. However, basal prolactin by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) was 97mug/L. Due to the clinical signs and response suggesting prolactinoma, prolactin level was reassessed. A two-incubation and serial dilution of the same sample up to 1:1,200 disclosed a prolactin value of 25,572 mug/L. Case 2 is 20y old with headache, bitemporal hemianopsia, seizures and hypogonadism secondary to a giant tumor arising from the sellas region. Initial serum prolactin level measured by IRMA was 104 mug/L, which after two-incubations and dilutions up to 1:200 disclosed a value of 17,736 mug/L; clinical treatment was instituted with good results. In order to avoid unnecessary surgeries, we recommend a two-incubation procedure in routine prolactin determinations when IRMA is used.

Displasia mamária / Mammary dysplasia

The authors make a review of mammary displasia, its diagnostic and treatment