Embarazo molar de 25 semanas con feto vivo: reporte de autopsia / Molar pregnancy with 25-week fetus

Antecedentes: La mola hidatidiforme (MH) se caracteriza por la degeneración hidrópica de las vellosidades coriales, hiperplasia del trofoblasto y se clasifica en completa (MC) y parcial (MP), y difieren en su cariotipo, histopatología, clínica y riesgo de malignidad. Constituye el 1% de las pérdidas fetales en menores de 17 semanas. El objetivo de esta comunicación es exponer un caso de MP con feto de 25 semanas, al cual se le realizó autopsia en el 2014. Caso clínico: Primigesta de 21 años con pobre control prenatal y embarazo de 25 semanas con diagnóstico de preeclampsia y óbito fetal de sexo masculino de 615 g, al que se le solicitó autopsia demostrándose malformaciones múltiples con agenesia del cuerpo calloso, hidrocefalia supratentorial, hipoplasia cerebelosa, meningocele sacro, micropene, hipospadias y retardo del crecimiento intrauterino, la placenta de 750 g demostró hallazgos de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional de tipo MP. Discusión: La MP presenta vellosidades coriónicas con hiperplasia trofoblástica y feto que tiende a fallecer en una temprana edad gestacional. El feto puede presentar anomalías congénitas secundarias a la aneuploidia y la distinción se basa en histopatología de la placenta, en casos difíciles se emplea citogenética o citometría de flujo. En el presente caso se encontraron características placentarias (degeneración hidrópica vellositaria, inclusiones e hiperplasia trofoblástica) y las malformaciones fetales relacionadas. Conclusión: El estudio histopatológico de la placenta y del producto de la gestación permiten el diagnóstico definitivo para poder determinar el seguimiento de la paciente y disminuir así las complicaciones.

Background: Hydatidiform moles (HM) are characterized by hydropic degeneration of chorionic villi, hyperplasia of the trophoblast and is classified in complete (CM) and partial (PM), and they are different in their karyotype, histopathology, clinical and risk of malignancy. It constitutes 1% of abortion in under 17 weeks. The purpose of this communication is to present a case of PM with 25-week fetus, which fetal autopsy in 2014. Clinical case: Primigravid of 21 years old, with a pregnancy of 25 weeks diagnosed with preeclampsia and stillbirth of 615 g, autopsy demonstrating multiple malformations with agenesis of corpus callosum, hydrocephalus, hypoplasia of the cerebellum, myeloschisis in the sacral region, micropenis, hypospadias and intrauterine growth retardation, the placenta (750 g) has findings of gestational trophoblastic disease type PM. Discussion: The PM has villous tissue with trophoblastic proliferation and fetus tends to die at an early gestational age. The fetus has congenital abnormalities because the aneuploidy, diagnoses is based on histopathology of the placenta, in difficult cases cytogenetic or flow cytometry is used. In this case, placental characteristics (hydropic villus, trophoblastic proliferation and "pseudoinclusions") and related fetal malformations were found. Conclusion: The histopathological study of the placenta and the fetus allow a definitive diagnosis to determine the monitoring of the patient and thus reduce complications.

Differential expression of p63 in hydropic and molar gestations

To observe the differential expression of p63 in hydropic and molar gestation. Cross-sectional analytical study. Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate and Medical Centre, Karachi, from January 2006 to June 2013. Ninety placental biopsies including 30 cases each of hydropic abortions, partial hydatidiform mole and complete hydatidiform mole were analyzed for morphological features and results of immunohistochemical staining. Results were described as frequency. Significance was determined using test of proportions with significance at p < 0.05. Out of 30 cases of hydropic abortion, 6 were negative, 15 were weak, 4 were moderate and 5 showed strong degree of intensity for p63. Out of 30 cases of partial hydatidiform mole, 3 were negative, 2 showed weak, 4 showed moderate and 21 cases showed strong degree of intensity for p63. All 30 cases of complete hydatidiform mole strongly stained for p63. The intensity of staining of p63 was stronger in cases of molar pregnancy as compared to hydropic abortion. There was loss of p63 expression in cytotrophoblastic cells in all abortions. In limited resources settings, where facilities for PCR/FISH and DNA ploidy analysis is not available, the authors advocate p63 in routine clinical practice to provide the most refined diagnosis of hydatidiform moles

Microscopic study of edema in hydatidiform mole / Estudo microscópico de edema em mola hidatiforme

The purpose of this study is to use light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine the effect of edema on the structure of the molar vesicle. Methods: samples were taken from the complete hydatidiform mole and processed using conventional light and scanning electron microscopy techniques and an observation protocol that identified four variables: factors underlying the development of edema; the condition of the trophoblast basement membrane, development of the villi, accumulation and degeneration of sulphated mucosubstances at stromal level. Results: light microscopy showed a permeable trophoblastic basement membrane, a swollen syncytium, edematous regions disorganizating the stromal region and causing ischemic necrosis of cells. Using scanning electron microscopy, the basement membrane was found to be distended and thickened, with large irregular holes for the entry and movement of liquid, leaving a wide range of fluids during the influx process and depriving stromal cells of nutrition. Conclusions: a new three-dimensional view of the changes brought about by the entry of fluids into the stroma of molar hydropic vesicles was provided by scanning electron microscopy and confirmed by light microscopy, thereby explaining the changes occurring at the level of the stroma as an effect of the edema...

Este estudo visa utilizar a microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura para determinar o efeito de edema na estrutura da vesícula molar. Métodos: amostras foram obtidas da mola hidatiforme completa e processadas por técnicas de microscopia ótica convencional e eletrônica de varredura e por um protocolo de observação para identificar quatro variáveis relacionados à evolução de edema; a condição da membrana trofoblástica basal, a evolução dos vilos, a acumulação e a degeneração de mucosubstâncias sulfatadas ao nível stromal. Resultados: a microscopia ótica revelou uma membrana trofoblástica basal permeável, um sincítio inchado, regiões edematosas desorganizando a região stromal e provocando a necrose isquêmica das células. Com a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foi observado que a membrana basal foi distendida e espessada, com grandes buracos irregulares para a entrada e movimento de líquidos, deixando uma larga variedade de fluidos durante o processo de influxo e privando as células stromais de nutrição. Conclusões: a microscopia eletrônica de varredura providenciou uma nova visualização tridimensional das alterações provocadas pela entrada de fluidos na stroma das vesículas molares, que foi verificada pela microscopia ótica, assim explicando as alterações que ocorreram ao nível da stroma como um efeito da edema...

Complete mole in a dichorionic twin pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection / Mola hidatiforme completa em gravidez bicoriônica após injecção intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides

A dichorionic twin pregnancy with complete hydatidiform mole and coexistent fetus is a rare and challenging situation, whose pathogenesis has not been yet fully understood. We present a case of a 39-year-old woman who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection with two embryos transfer. The 12-week gestation ultrasound examination revealed normal fetus and placenta with features of hydatidiform mole, leading to pregnancy termination. Autopsy and histological examinations diagnosed a complete mole coexisting with a normal fetus, and the genetic analysis showed a diploid fetus with biparental genome and molar tissue with paternal diploidy. This case highlighted that complete molar pregnancies may still occur even though pregnancy is achieved after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. A review of the literature was performed by collecting data from the few similar reported cases and by commenting on the pathogenesis of this rare condition.

Uma gravidez bicoriônica com mola hidatiforme completa e feto normal é uma situação rara e desafiadora, cuja patogênese não foi ainda totalmente compreendida. Apresenta-se o caso de uma mulher de 39 anos submetida à injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides com transferência de dois embriões. Na ecografia pré-natal realizada na 12ª semana de gestação, foi identificado um embrião morfologicamente normal e uma placenta com características molares. Esta situação resultou na terminação eletiva da gravidez. A autópsia e o estudo histológico permitiram o diagnóstico definitivo de uma mola hidatiforme completa coexistindo com feto normal. A análise genética mostrou feto diploide com genoma biparental e tecido molar com diploidia paterna. Este caso ressaltou que as gestações com mola hidatiforme completa poderão ainda ocorrer, mesmo que a gravidez seja realizada após uma injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides. Foram realizadas uma revisão dos raros casos descritos na literatura e uma explicação da patogenia desta condição rara.

Coriocarcinoma: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Choriocarcinoma: a case report and literature review

A neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional engloba um grupo raro de doenças que inclui a mola hidatiforme completa, a mola hidatiforme parcial, a mola invasora, o coriocarcinoma e o tumor trofoblástico do sítio placentário. No Brasil, a forma mais comumente observada é a mola hidatiforme completa, cuja incidência é de 1: 200–800 gestações e cerca de 2–3% dos casos evoluem para o coriocarcinoma. Com a realização cada vez mais frequente do exame ultrassonográfico do primeiro trimestre, os casos clínicos exuberantes são cada vez mais raros. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um caso de mola hidatiforme completa que evoluiu para coriocarcinoma e correlacioná-lo com a literatura existente.

The trophoblastic neoplasm of pregnancy encompasses a raregroup of diseases that includes the complete hydatidiform mole,the spring partial mole, the invasive mole, the choriocarcinoma andthe placental site trophoblastic tumor. In Brazil, the most commonlyobserved is the complete hydatidiform mole track, whose incidence is 1: 200–800 pregnancies and about 2–3% of cases evolve intothe choriocarcinoma. With the adoption of the first trimester ultrasound examination, exuberant clinical cases are increasinglyrare. The objective of this paper is to present a case of completehydatidiform mole that progressed to choriocarcinoma and correlateit with the existing literature.

Embarazo ectópico molar cornual: caso clínico / Molar cornual ectopic pregnancy: clinical case

Antecedentes: La incidencia de embarazo ectópico es 20/1000 embarazos y en la región cornual se presentan en el 2-4 por ciento. La mola hidatiforme ocurre en 1/1000 embarazos en EEUU y 1/500 en México. La presentación simultánea es muy rara. Se han descrito solamente 40 casos en la literatura médica, con una incidencia estimada de 0,04 por ciento de localización cornual. Caso clínico: Primigesta de 30 años, que cursando un embarazo de 8 semanas, acude de urgencia por presentar náuseas y vómitos de 1 día de evolución, con dolor abdominal y sangrado vaginal. Prueba de embarazo positiva. A la exploración física presenta dolor abdominal difuso y signos de irritación peritoneal. El ultrasonido transvaginal mostró imagen ecogénica multiquística intrauterina cercana a la región cornual, por lo que se sospecha embarazo molar. En la laparotomía exploradora se realizó resección cornual y posteriormente dilatación y curetaje de la cavidad uterina. La anatomía patológica confrmó el diagnóstico. Negativizó beta-hGC a las 7 semanas después de la cirugía.

Background: The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is 20 per 1,000 pregnancies. The cornual ectopic pregnancy is found in 2-4 percent. Hydatidiform moles occur in 1 per 1000 pregnancies in USA and 1 per 500 in Mexico. Thus, the incidence of the two occurring together is very rare. Only 40 cases have been reported in the medical literature, the incidence estimate is 0.04 percent. Clinic case: We analyzed a 30 year old woman patient case, gravida 1, with 8 weeks' gestation by last menstrual period, came at the Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Monterrey, Nuevo León, with complaints of nausea and vomiting for 1 day and abdominal pain, and transvaginal bleeding. A cualitative pregnancy test was positive. Physical examination revealed diffuse abdominal tenderness and peritoneal signs. The transvaginal ultrasonography showed a multicystic echogenic mass within the uterus near cornual region consistent with a molar pregnancy. A cornual resection was performed followed by dilation and curettage. Pathologic diagnosis was confrmed. The monitoring of beta-hGC titers was negative 7 weeks after surgery.

Mola hidatidiforme parcial con feto vivo del segundo trimestre / Partial hydatiform mole with live fetus in the second trimester

La mola hidatidiforme es un embarazo que se caracteriza por una degeneración hidrópica de las vellosidades coriales y habitualmente la ausencia del feto. La mola parcial se caracteriza por ser resultado de una triploidía diádrica y por la presencia de cambios hidatiformes progresivos lentos con capilares vellosos funcionantes, que afectan solamente a algunas de las vellosidades; se asocia con un feto o embrión anormal identifcable (vivo o muerto), membranas o eritrocitos fetales. Se analiza un caso de mola parcial con feto de 18 semanas.

Hydatidiform mole is a pregnancy that is characterized by hydropic degeneration of placental villi and usually the absence of fetus. The partial mole is characterized as a result of triploidy diandrica and the presence of slow progressive changes with hydatidiform villous capillaries functioning that affect only some of the villi, in addition to being associated with an identifable abnormal fetus or embryo (dead or alive), fetal membranes or erythrocytes. We analyze a case of partial hydatidiform mole with a fetus of 18 weeks.

Enfermedad del trofoblasto (mola hidratiforme): a propósito de un caso / Disease trofoblástica gestacional (hydatiform mola): a purpose of a case

La enfermedad Trofoblástica Gestacional se caracteriza por proliferación anormal o atípica de las células sincitiales y de langhans de origen ectodermo fetal. Presentación de un tejido extraño (trofoblasto) en los tejidos del huésped (madre) y es tolerada por estos. El tejido invasor es genética y antigéneticamente extraño es el único tumor con este comportamiento en la biología humana. En este trabajo presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente femenino de 20 años primigesta con FUR: 01/10/06 quien consulta por sangrado genital intermitente con vesículas motivo por el cual consulta

Diagnostic value of CD34, epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] expression and proliferation in vesicular mole and persistent gestational trophoblastic disease

Identifying patients with increased risk for developing persistent trophoblastic disease [PTD] following evacuation of hydatiform mole, whether partial or complete, is essential to prevent unnecessary prophylactic chemotherapy. It is challenging to find an adequate diagnostic modality that identifies patients at increased risk for developing PTD. This study was investigating villous angiogenesis by identification of CD34 antigen, trophopastic epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFr] as well as trophoblastic cell proliferation to predict the risky patients with molar pregnancy. Thirty aborted patients were conducted for clinical examination, ultrasonography, and estimation of serum human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG] before abortion and frequent measurement after evacuation for six months. Contents of evacuation were fixed in buffered formalin [10%], processed, paraffin embedded and 4 sets of sections were subjected for hematoxylin and eosin stain, immunohistochemistry using monoclonal CD34 and EGFr antibodies and silver stain to asses proliferative potentiality by counting the Argerophilic nucleolar organizer regions [AgNor]. Clinical, ultrasonographic examination revealed molar pregnancy in 25 cases. Histopathologic examination of post evacuation tissue revealed normal pattern of chorionic villi in 5 cases and they were considered as control. Patterns consistent with partial vesicular mole [PVM] were detected in 12 case and features of complete vesicular mole [CVM] were seen in 13 cases. Persistent elevation of HCG-alpha titer after evacuation was detected in 4 molar cases [16%] [one out of 12 partial mole cases [8.33%] and 3 of the 13 complete partial moles [23.08%]. Immunohistochemistry study comprised frequent expression of CD34 with increased microvessel density per villous [MVD/villous] in control cases [mean 7.5 +/- 0.56]. The microvessels located at the periphery beneath vasculosyncytial membrane to perform margination. However, the mean MVD/Villous was significantly reduced in PVM and CVM [3 +/- 0.75 and 1.75 +/- 0.68 respectively]. In 5 out of 12 PVM [41.7%] the micro vessels were located centrally while rest cases perform margination. Contrary, in all CVM specimens the micro vessels if present were located centrally. In control group, EGFr The trophoblasts were negative for EGFr expression, while in PVM group, trophoblasts displayed mild to moderate expression in 5/12 [41.67%] with a mean of 1.8 +/- 0.58. Contrary, all CVM showed moderate to strong expression of EGFr [mean=2.56 +/- 0.75]. High expression of EGFr was in parallel with decreased MVD/villous. There was increased EGFr expression in 3 cases that were associated with persistent elevation of serum HCG following evacuation [1/12 [8.3%] was PVM and 2/13 [15.4%] were CVM]. Proliferative potential was noticed to be increased with increased AgNor count in the trophblasts of CVM versus PVM and control groups [4.29 +/- 1.25, 1.98 +/- 0.32 and 1.1 +/- 0.07 respectively]. Significant reduction of MVD/Villous and increased expression of EGFr confirm diagnosis h of CVM. In addition, absence of CD34 positive micro vessels and high expression of EGFr could be used as markers to predict the possibility for persistent trophoblastic disease, providing better chance for early medical intervention

Factores maternos que inciden en el diagnóstico de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional / Maternal factors that impact in the diagnosis of disease trofoblastic gestational

La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional constituye un grupo de enfermedades propias de la gestación que pueden ser benignas o malignas, caracterizadas por proliferación anormal de las células sinciciales y de Langhans del trofoblasto, que interfieren con el desarrollo embrionario. Clínicamente se presenta como un embarazo normal, ya que hay amenorrea, sialorrea y vómitos, pero existe sangrado, crecimiento uterino no acorde con la edad gestacional, expulsión de vesículas a través de los genitales, útero hipotónico, no se palpan partes fetales, movimientos ni latidos cardíacos. Trabajo tipo descriptivo con medición independiente de variables; retrospectivo, documental, población y muestra de 8 casos luego de revisar las historias clínicas de este centro de salud. 50 por ciento estaban entre 21 a 26 años. El antecedente Ginecoobstétrico predominante fue la multiparidad con 54,5 por ciento, seguido de cesáreas y abortos con 18,18 por ciento respectivamente. El 37,5 por ciento tuvo entre 14 y 18 semanas de gestación, similar porcentaje para las que ignoraban la fecha de última regla. El método quirúrgico más empleado fue el legrado por aspiración con 37,5 porciento. Diagnosticándose finalmente 37 por ciento de mola invasora con un caso de metástasis a pulmón a los 4 años. Es importante destacar que 25 por ciento de las pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y ecográfico no se les practicó biopsia. Se presenta en mujeres en edad fertil, multíparas, durante el primer trimestre de embarazo, se recomienda practicar biopsias a todo material producto de abortos y embarazos anembrionarios.

Diploid partial mole with neonatal survival--a case report.

Partial mole is a gestational neoplastic disorder with a reported incidence of 0.005 - 0.01% of all pregnancies. The karyotype in such cases is usually triploid, baring a few exceptions. The diploid partial mole is an extremely rare entity with only few cases being documented in literature. The fetal outcome in such cases is usually poor. We describe a case of partial mole, which terminated at 28 weeks with a live diploid male fetus with good neonatal outcome. Follow-up showed no progression to malignant gestational trophoblastic disease.

Metastatic invasive mole in the urinary bladder.

We report an unusual case of invasive mole metastasized to the urinary bladder. The patient presented with hematuria one month after evacuation of a molar pregnancy. The serum chorionic gonadotropin levels regressed spontaneously following transurethral cystoscopic resection of the tumour. Metastasis of an invasive mole to the urinary bladder has not been previously reported.

Tumor trofoblástico del lecho placentario: correlación clinicopatológica / Placenteral site trophoblastic tumor: Clinical pathologic correlation

Presentar la correlación clinicopatológica de seis pacientes con tumor trofoblástico del lecho placentario. El diagnóstico se realizó en 5 casos poshisterectomía y uno poscuretaje. Servicios obstétricos 9 y 6 de la Maternidad "Concepción Palacios". La edad promedio del grupo fue 32 años. En 3 casos (50 por ciento) el tumor tuvo su origen en embarazos molares y los otros 3 casos en abortos. Se realizó histerectomía en 5 casos (83,33 por ciento) y curetaje con observación estricta en 1 caso (16,66 pr ciento). Del total, 5 pacientes permanecen con criterios de curación. El diagnóstico, comportamiento biológico y planificación del tratamiento continúa y en la actualidad presentando dificultades

'Metastatic invasive mole' causing paraplegia.

We report a rare case of 'metastatic invasive mole' to the spinal cord causing paraplegia in a 19-year-old woman. There are no such histologically proven reports in the literature since the use of the tumour marker, beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-HCG) and chemotherapy. We stress the importance of considering this rare possibility in young woman with compressive myelopathy.

Embarazo molar parcial con feto coexistente: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Partial molar pregnancy with coexistent fetus: presentation of a case and review of the literature

Se coloca un caso de embarazo molar parcial con feto coexistente en una paciente de 38 años de edad y 13 semanas de gestación. El diagnóstico se realizó por ecosonografía y se confirmó por anatomía patológica posterior al vaciamiento por aspiración endouterina. Se recomienda anticonceptivos orales y se realizó seguimiento de los niveles de hormona gonadotrofina coriónica, evolucionando satisfactoriamente