ABSTRACT
Occupational exposures to certain metals, hydrocarbons and ionizing radiation are associated with increased lung cancer in workers; because these exposures continue, lung cancer remains an important problem in industrialized nations. The gravity of the lung cancer, specifically the low cure rate associated with the disease, has forced researchers to focus efforts at developing biological indicators (biomarkers) of carcinogen exposure and early, reversible effects. This review examines critically the development of these biomarkers for occupational and environmenta exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), a ubiquitous class of lung carcinogens. Biomarkers of several different stages of the carcinogenic process have been proposed. Industrial hygiene and occupational health emphasize exposure and disease prevention. For this reason, biomarkers useful in industrial hygiene practice are those which measure events prior to the initiation phase of carcinogenesis; markers of later events which have a greater positive predictive value may measure irreversible effects and are more appropriate for disease screening and epidemiology. One of the strengths of biological monitoring is that exposures and effects can be measured regardless of route. Data indicates that the dermal route may be a significant pathway for delivery of PAH to the lung. This finding has important ramifications because as airborne exposure limits decrease the relative impact of dermal absorption is increased.
Subject(s)
Humans , Carcinogens , DNA Damage , Gene Expression Regulation , Genetic Markers , Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced , Mutation , Occupational Diseases/chemically induced , Oncogenes , Hydrocarbons, Cyclic/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The influence of outdoor pollution on indoor air quality was studied in downtown Santiago (Bandera street). Carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, particulate matter, respirable fraction (PM5) and total and carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were simultaneously monitores indoors and outdoors and indoors in restaurants, offices and other places. The levels of CO changed simultaneously outdoors and indoors (r=0.89) specially during traffic rush hours, demonstrating the importance of outdoor infiltration into the indoor air quality and masking the contribution of other CO indoor sources. The maximun CO concentrations were over 800 percent and over 1000 percent higher indoors and outdoors respectively than the 9 ppm CO National Ambient Air Quality. The PM5 concentrations were very high and showed no significant differences (p>0.05) from indoor to outdoors, or between indoor levels in restaurants, offices and other places. Total ans carcinogenic PAHs levels were also very high, outdoors and indoors, outodoor levels being generally higher than those indoors and no significant; differences (p>0.05) were found for the indoor levels between restaurants, offices and other places. Nicotine levels showed significant differences (p<0.05) between indoor and outdoor levels. In addition, great differences (p<0.05) in indoor levels, were found between offices and restaurants, and offices and other places. Among indoor sources cigarrete smoke seems to be a minor source since nicotine concentrations, bieng 2.3 times higher in restaurants and other places than in offices, do not contribute to enhance significantly PM5 and total and carcinogenic HAPs in the first ones. These results suggest that in downtown Santiago, infiltration might be the main source of indoor pollution. This is supported by 2 evidences: a) coronene, a tracer of vehicle emissions was found in high concentraion indoors and b) in restaurants (in wich PAHs emissions might be higher indoor) a correlation coefficient of 0.987 for the indoor and outdoor concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs was found. Furthermore a survey asking for different symptoms and effects probably related to air pollution was made to people working in Bandera and in a rural area located 40 Km from Santiago. The results showed that excluding smoking as a confounded factor, people working in Bandera showed a significantly greater (p<0.05) risk of ill effects on their health than people working in the rural area