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J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 86(3): 179-188, maio-jun. 2010. tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-550772

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Resgatar a história da alimentação infantil, com o intuito de compreender a prática da amamentação. FONTES DOS DADOS: O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nas bases MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO, Internet, enciclopédias, livros científicos e leigos, literatura, arte e história. Foram consultados textos sobre os cuidados com lactentes em diferentes épocas, a história da Medicina, e artigos científicos recentes sobre nutrição infantil. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Durante o período pré-industrial, os costumes pouco variaram, e a chance de sobrevivência estava relacionada ao aleitamento materno ou à sua substituição pelo leite de uma ama. Caso isso não fosse possível, os lactentes recebiam leite animal, alimentos pré-mastigados ou papas pobres em nutrientes e contaminadas, que determinavam altos índices de mortalidade. Nada podia substituir a amamentação com sucesso, e dela dependia a sobrevivência da espécie. Com a Revolução Industrial, as mulheres, que costumavam amamentar, foram trabalhar nas fábricas, motivando a busca de alternativas para nutrir os lactentes. O consumo de leite animal e fórmulas (diluídas, farinhas, leite em pó), bem como a introdução precoce de alimentos comprometeram a saúde das crianças. O movimento feminista e a pílula anticoncepcional determinaram queda da natalidade. As fábricas, visando o lucro, desenvolveram fórmulas modificadas e investiram em propaganda. A sociedade reagiu com um movimento de incentivo ao aleitamento. CONCLUSÕES: Atualmente, reconhecem-se as vantagens do leite materno, e recomenda-se aleitamento exclusivo até os 6 meses, complementado com outros alimentos a partir dessa idade até pelo menos os 2 anos. A alimentação infantil, natural ou artificial, sempre foi determinada e condicionada pelo valor social atribuído à amamentação.


OBJECTIVE: To retrace the history of infant nutrition with the objective of better understanding breastfeeding. SOURCES: Bibliographic searches were run on MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and the Internet. Encyclopedias, scientific textbooks and books for the general public, in addition to literature, art and history, were also used. Texts on child care from several different periods were consulted, in addition to the history of medicine and recent scientific articles on infant nutrition. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: During the preindustrial period, customs varied little and the likelihood of survival was linked to breastfeeding or its substitution by a wetnurse's milk. Where this was not possible, infants were given animal milk, pre-chewed foods or paps that were poor in nutrients and contaminated, which caused high mortality rates. There was nothing that could successfully substitute breastfeeding and the survival of the species was dependent on breastfeeding. Once the industrial revolution had started, women who had been accustomed to breastfeeding went to work in factories, stimulating the search for alternative infant nutrition. Consumption of animal milk and formulae (diluted, flour-based, powdered milk) and premature introduction of complementary foods compromised children's health. The feminist movement and the contraceptive pill caused a fall in birth rates. Manufacturers in search of profits developed modified formulae and invested in advertising. Society reacted with breastfeeding support movements. CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays, the advantages of breastmilk are recognized and exclusive breastfeeding is recommended up to 6 months, to be supplemented with other foods from this age on and continued until at least 2 years of age. Infant nutrition, whether natural or artificial, has always been determined and conditioned by the social value attributed to breastfeeding.


Subject(s)
Female , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Infant , Breast Feeding , Infant Formula/history , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/history , Nutritional Requirements
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