La Tomasa reduce parámetros metabólicos e inflamatorios asociados a síndrome metabólico en un modelo murino / Tomasa reduces metabolic and inflammatory parameters associated with metabolic syndrome in a murine model

In our country, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death. Unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyles, among other factors, have contributed to increase the risk for CDV in the population. An alternative to the commonly used pharmacological therapies is the use of validated natural products that can be incorporated in the development of functional foods or supplements. In particular, the tomato has been shown to have a protective role in CVD; its high content of antioxidants, particularly lycopene, provides it with extensively documented beneficial properties. Tomasa, a by-product of the agroindustry, maintains some of the beneficial characteristics of its fruit of origin. Mice fed with a high-fat (hypercaloric) diet increase their body weight and visceral adipose mass, and also display an increase in metabolic and inflammatory parameters. Our results allow us to conclude that the consumption of Tomasa in mice fed a hypercaloric diet reduces the blood levels of cholesterol, glycaemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results support the rationale of using of this by-product in the generation of functional ingredients with proven beneficial effects.

Nutrigenômica como ferramenta preventiva de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis / Nutrigenomics as a preventive tool for chronic non-communicable diseases / NUTRIGENOMICS AS A PREVENTIVE TOOL FOR CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

A nutrigenômica representa uma ciência emergente que estuda a relação entre os nutrientes e os genes humanos. Dessa forma, as necessidades de alimentos, compostos bioativos e nutrientes variam entre os indivíduos, por conta dos polimorfismos gênicos, principalmente os de nucleotídeo único, podendo resultar no desenvolvimento de diversas doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNTs). Este artigo objetiva conhecer as mais recentes informações sobre a nutrigenômica e os principais polimorfismos genéticos relacionados às DCNTs, bem como o impacto dos nutrientes na modulação da expressão gênica e prevenção destas patologias. Para o levantamento bibliográfico, optou-se pela busca de artigos nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO, nos idiomas Português e Inglês. Aplicou-se a combinação dos seguintes descritores: "nutrigenômica e necessidades nutricionais", "nutrigenômica e obesidade", "nutrigenômica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2", "nutrigenômica e câncer" e "nutrigenômica e doença inflamatória intestinal". Evidências indicam que diversos tipos de polimorfismos estão associados à incidência, progressão e gravidade de doenças como a obesidade, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), câncer e doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DIIs). Os principais polimorfismos encontrados que se relacionam com as DCNTs são: rs9939609 do fat mass and obesity associated (FTO), rs174547 do Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), Gln27Glu do receptor ß-adrenérgico 2 (ADRB2), Lys656Asn do receptor de leptina (LEPR), -174C/G da interleucina 6 (IL-6), Pro12Ala do receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma gama 2 (PPAR-gama2), rs4315495 da lipina 1 (LPIN1), rs266729 no gene da adiponectina, rs10920533 em adiponectina receptor 1 (AdipoR1), Pro12Ala do receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma γ (PPARγ), rs1440581 da Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1K (PPM1K), alelo G para o polimorfismo -11377C>G, alelo A para o polimorfismo 11391 G>A, Cdx2 do receptor de vitamina D (RVD), genes de selenoproteínas sob baixas concentrações de selênio (DIO1, DIO2, GPX-1, GPX-3, SEPHS1, SEPSECS e TXNRD2) e alelo G do rs12212067 do Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3). É fundamental entender as interações gene-nutriente nestas doenças e as diferentes respostas metabólicas envolvidas, para que assim se possa orientar a alimentação de cada indivíduo conforme a sua herança genética. Enfim, os estudos não são conclusivos sobre o papel de cada fator na alteração dos genes, e a nutrigenômica é um fator importante e complexo que precisa avançar com a ciência nutricional.

Nutrigenomics represents an emerging science that studies the relation between nutrients and the human genes. Thus, the need for food, bioactive composts and nutrients vary from person to person due to genic polymorphisms, mainly single nucleotide polymorphism, which can result in the developing of many Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). This article aims at making a scientific literature review regarding the most recent information on nutrigenomics and the main polymorphisms related to the NCDs, as well as the impact of nutrients on the modulation of the genic expression and prevention of those pathologies. For the literature survey, a search was performed in PubMed and SciELO databases, in Portuguese and English using the combination of the following descriptors: "nutrigenomics and nutritional requirements", "nutrigenomics and obesity", "nutrigenomics and diabetes mellitus, type 2", "nutrigenomics and cancer", and "nutrigenomics and inflammatory bowel disease". Evidence has shown that many types of polymorphisms are associated with the incidence, progression and severity of diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The main polymorphisms found to be related to NCDs are: rs9939609 of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO), rs174547 of the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), Gln27Glu of the ß-adrenergic receptor 2 (ADRB2), Lys656Asn of the leptin receptor (LEPR), -174 G/C of the interleukin-6 (IL-6), Pro12Ala of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR-gama2), rs4315495 of lipin 1 (LPIN1), rs266729 in the adiponectin gene, rs10920533 in adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1), Pro12Ala of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), rs1440581 of Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1K (PPM1K), G allele of the -11377C>G polymorphism, allele A of the 11391 G>A polymorphism, Cdx2 of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), selenoprotein genes under low selenium concentrations (DIO1, DIO2, GPX-1, GPx-3, SEPHS1, SEPSECS and TXNRD2), and G allele of the Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) rs12212067. It is fundamental to understand the interaction between gene-nutrients in these diseases and the different metabolic answers involved to guide the eating habits of each person according to their genetic heritage. Finally, the studies are not conclusive on the role of each factor in the alteration of the genes, and nutrigenomics is an important and complex factor that needs to advance with nutritional science.

Cuidados médicos en EII: más allá de la terapia convencional / Medical care in IBD: more than conventional therapy

The management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease has progressed over the years largely due to better therapeutic options. These current management is guided by the primary goal in achieving clinical and endoscopic remission (deep remission), thus improving the quality of life of patients. In order to achieve these objectives however, there are risks associated which must always be considered. It is important to recognize that IBD patients are at risk of infection and neoplastic lesions for the natural history of the disease or the therapies that we used. Prevention of possible complications must be carried out. Options in therapeutic management not only include pharmacological therapy, but also include an adequate nutritional setting and an optimal correction of nutritional deficits. These alternative nutritional strategies can and should be considered as an effective therapeutic strategy aimed at improving the quality of life of IBD patients.

El manejo de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal ha progresado con el paso de los años dado a mayores opciones terapéuticas. El manejo actual se guía por objetivos para lograr remisión clínica y endoscópica (remisión profunda) mejorando así la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Sin embargo, para lograr estos objetivos, se debe considerar siempre los riesgos asociados a las nuevas terapias. Es importante reconocer que los pacientes con EII son personas en riesgo tanto de infecciones como de lesiones neoplásicas por la historia natural de la enfermedad y/o por las terapias utilizadas, por lo tanto, la prevención de posibles complicaciones debe ser realizada en forma periódica. Por otro parte, el manejo terapéutico, no solo incluye la terapia farmacológica, sino también una adecuada optimización nutricional y una adecuada corrección de los déficit nutricionales secundarios. En este mismo sentido terapias alternativas, pueden ser consideradas como estrategia terapéuticas complementarias destinadas a mejorar la calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

Hypertonic saline solution reduces the inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats

OBJECTIVE: Volume replacement in septic patients improves hemodynamic stability. This effect can reduce the inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution versus 0.9% normal saline solution for volume replacement during an inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats. METHODS: We measured cytokines (serum and gut), nitrite, and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) as indicators of oxidative stress in the gut. Rats were divided into four groups: control group (C) that did not receive lipopolysaccharide; lipopolysaccharide injection without treatment (LPS); lipopolysaccharide injection with saline treatment (LPS +S); and lipopolysaccharide injection with hypertonic saline treatment (LPS +H). Serum and intestine were collected. Measurements were taken at 1.5, 8, and 24 h after lipopolysaccharide administration. RESULTS: Of the four groups, the LPS +H group had the highest survival rate. Hypertonic saline solution treatment led to lower levels of IL-6, IL-10, nitric oxide, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances compared to 0.9% normal saline. In addition, hypertonic saline treatment resulted in a lower mortality compared to 0.9% normal saline treatment in endotoxemic rats. Volume replacement reduced levels of inflammatory mediators in the plasma and gut. CONCLUSION: Hypertonic saline treatment reduced mortality and lowered levels of inflammatory mediators in endotoxemic rats. Hypertonic saline also has the advantage of requiring less volume replacement.

Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y vacunas / Inflammatory bowel disease and vaccines

Dado lo importante, pero impredecible que resulta la respuesta a la vacunación en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII), es importante hacer en la primera consulta una buena historia de las inmunizaciones y exposiciones a infección en estos pacientes. Es recomendable indagar acerca de la exposición a varicela, historia de viajes y factores de riesgo para hepatitis. Debe ofrecerse a estos pacientes la vacunación para pneumococo e influenza. El control periódico de los niveles de anticuerpos, cuando es posible, en estos pacientes y los refuerzos en caso necesario permitirá mantenerlos protegidos frente a ciertas infecciones que pueden resultar muy severas en ciertos casos.

Due to the fact that the response to vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is both important but also unpredictable, it is critical to carefully explore in the first clinical visit the history of these patients regarding immunization and exposure to infections. It is advisable to inquire about exposure to chicken pox, take a history of travels and risk factors for hepatitis. These patients must be offered influenza and pneumococcal vaccination. Regular control of antibodies levels in these patients and booster injections, when possible, will allow keeping them protected against certain infections that can be extremely severe in some cases.

Probióticos: perspectivas médicas / Probiotics: medical perspectives

Este artigo revisa o tema probióticos com o objetivo de avaliar seus possíveis potenciais como agentes bioterapêuticos na prevenção e/ou tratamento de algumas doenças relacionadas com a via intestinal. Os probióticos representam uma área de pesquisa em extensão. Muitas publicações enfatizam o potencial significado dessa emergente área, entretanto muito ainda necessita ser comprovado e realizado no sentido de definir o real significado do termo probiótico; se for efetivo, quais as cepas que preenchem os critérios de um real microorganismo probiótico e em quais circunstâncias clínicas são indicadas

This article reviews the theme probiotics with the objective to evaluate their potentials as possible biotherapeutic agents for the prevention and/or treatment of some illnesses related tothe intestinal tract. Probiotics represents an expanding research area. Many publications emphasizes the potential significance of this emerging field, meanwhile, much still remains to be proved and to be done in order to standardize the real meaning of the term probiotic and, if they are real, which strains actually fulfill the criteria of true probiotics microorganisms and in which clinical circumstances they are really useful

Acidos graxos ômega-3 por via parenteral: impacto no tratamento de colite aguda experimental / Omega-3 fatty acids by parenteral route: impact in experimental colitis treatment

Nos últimos anos, a literatura tem dedicado especial atençäo aos efeitos imuno-moduladores de emulsöes lipídicas (EL) enriquecidas com óleo de peixe (FO)sobre processos inflamatórios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da administraçäo parenteral de EL enriquecidas com ácidos graxos ômega-3 (AGn-3) em colite aguda experimental. Métodos: setenta e quatro ratos Wistar machos adultos foram randomizados em seis grupos submetidos a induçäo de colite com ácido acético a 10 por cento (exceto grupo CS). Os ratos foram alimentados com dieta oral sem gorduras "ad libitum" em gaiolas metabólicas individuais. Durante sete dias, os grupos controle CS (sem colite) e CC (com colite) receberam soluçäo fisiológica e os outros grupos, EL específicas por catéter venoso central (0,5 ml/hora). As composiçöes lipídicas e as razöes entre AGn-6 dos grupos foram: grupo L -1:7,7 (TCL; n=12), M-1:7,0 (TCMnCL; n=12), LW-3-1:4,5 (TCL+FO; n=12) e mw-3 -1:3,0 (TCM/TCL+FO; n=13). Os ratos foram avaliados quanto à ocorrência de diarréia, relaçäo ingestäo/peso, as alteraçöes na cavidade abdominal (dilataçäo e espessamento da parede intestinal, mesenterite, aderências de epíplon ou do intestino delgado), celularidade de macrófagos (por imuno-histoquímica), alteraçöes histológicas, e concentraçöes de leucotrienos (LTB4 e C4), prostaglandina (pGE2) e tromboxane(TXB2) no cólon (por ensaio imuno-enzimático). Resultados: os grupos M,MW-3 e LW-3 apresentaram maior número de ratos com fezes normais que o grupo näo tratado (CC). Os ratos MW-3 foram os únicos cuja média de ingestäo/peso näo diferiu do grupo CS e foi superior a CC. Somente os animais que receberam suplementaçäo com AGn-3 (LW-3 e MW-3) apresentaram menor número de alteraçöes inflamatórias em comparaçäo aos ratos CC. A formaçäo de úlceras da mucosa intestinal do grupo MW-3 equiparou-se ao grupo sem colite (CS). Somente os grupos CS, M e MW-3 apresentaram escores I de celularidade de macrófagos inferiores ao grupo CC. Em relaçäo às dosagens de mediadores inflamatórios, näo houve diferença estatística quanto às médias de L TC4 entre os grupos. Em comparaçäo ao grupo CC, foram menores as concentraçöes teciduais de LTB4 dos grupos CS, LW-3 e MW-3, de PGE2 dos grupos CS, M e MW-3 e de TXB2 dos grupos CS e MW-3