Bloqueos Nerviosos. Bases Anatómicas del Dolor Somático Abdomino-Pélvico / Nerve Blocks. Anatomy of the Somatic Innervation of the Abdomino-Pelvic Cavity

El dolor abdominal es una de las sintomatologías que afectan con frecuencia la cavidad abdomino-pélvica. Dicha cavidad posee una inervación somática en la que intervienen del séptimo a doceavo nervios intercostales, ramos colaterales y terminales del plexo lumbar y el nervio pudendo; siendo objetivo de este trabajo la descripción anatómica del dolor abdominopélvico a través del plexo lumbar, nervios intercostales y nervio pudendo, sus diferentes patrones y variaciones de conformación, y las implicancias de éstas últimas en las distintas maniobras clínico-quirúrgicas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y morfométrico de la inervación somática de la cavidad abdomino-pélvica, en 50 preparaciones cadavéricas, fijadas en solución de formaldehído, de la Tercera Cátedra de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, entre Agosto/2017-Diciembre/2019. La descripción clásica del plexo lumbar se encontró en 35 casos; la presencia del nervio femoral accesorio en ningún caso; así como también la ausencia del nervio iliohipogástrico en ningún caso; el nervio obturador accesorio se halló en 2 casos; el nervio genitofemoral dividiéndose dentro de la masa muscular del psoas mayor en 6 casos; el nervio cutáneo femoral lateral emergiendo únicamente de la segunda raíz lumbar en 6 casos y por último se encontró la presencia de un ramo del nervio obturador uniéndose al tronco lumbosacro en un caso. Los nervios intercostales y el nervio pudendo presentaron una disposición clásica en todos los casos analizados. Es esencial un adecuado conocimiento y descripción del plexo lumbar, nervios intercostales y nervio pudendo para un adecuado abordaje de la cavidad abdomino-pélvica en los bloqueos nerviosos.

SUMMARY: Abdominal pain is one of the symptoms that affect the abdominal-pelvic cavity. The abdominal-pelvic cavity has a somatic innervation involving the seventh to twelfth intercostal nerves, collateral and terminal branches of the lumbar plexus and the pudendal nerve. The objective of this work is the description of the lumbar plexus, intercostal nerves and pudendal nerve, its different patterns and structure variations, as well as its implications during pain management in patients. A descriptive, observational, and morphometric study of patterns and structure variations of the lumbar plexus, intercostal nerves and pudendal nerve was conducted in 50 formalin-fixed cadaveric dissections of the Third Chair of Anatomy at the School of Medicine in the Universidad de Buenos Aires from August 2017 to December/2019. The standard description of the lumbar plexus was found in 35 cases; accessory femoral nerve was not present in any of the cases; absence of the iliohipogastric nerve was also not found in any case, while the accessory obturating nerve was found in 2 cases; genitofemoral nerve dividing within the muscle mass of psoas in 6 cases; lateral femoral cutaneous nerve emerging only from the second lumbar root in 6 cases and finally, presence of a branch of the obturating nerve was found joining the lumbosacral trunk in one case. The pudendal and intercostal nerve patterns presented a typical pathway in all cases. Adequate knowledge and description of the lumbar plexus, intercostal nerves and pudendal nerve is essential for an adequate approach of the abdominal-pelvic cavity in nerve blocks.

The intercostobrachial nerve as a sensory donor for hand reinnervation in brachial plexus reconstruction is a feasible technique and may be useful for restoring sensation / O uso do nervo intercostobraquial como doador na restauração cirúrgica da sensibilidade da mão em lesões do plexo braquial é uma técnica anatomicamente viável e pode ser útil para a recuperação sensitiva

ABSTRACT Objective Few donors are available for restoration of sensibility in patients with complete brachial plexus injuries. The objective of our study was to evaluate the anatomical feasibility of using the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN) as an axon donor to the lateral cord contribution to the median nerve (LCMN). Methods Thirty cadavers were dissected. Data of the ICBN and the LCMN were collected, including diameters, branches and distances. Results The diameters of the ICBN and the LCMN at their point of coaptation were 2.7mm and 3.7mm, respectively. The ICBN originated as a single trunk in 93.3% of the specimens and bifurcated in 73.3%. The distance between the ICBN origin and its point of coaptation to the LCMN was 54mm. All ICBNs had enough extension to reach the LCMN. Conclusion Transfer of the ICBN to the LCMN is anatomically feasible and may be useful for restoring sensation in patients with complete brachial plexus injuries.

RESUMO Objetivo Poucos doadores estão disponíveis para a restauração da sensibilidade em pacientes com lesões completas do plexo braquial (LCPB). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade anatômica do uso do nervo intercostobraquial (NICB) como doador de axônios para a contribuição do cordão lateral para o nervo mediano (CLNM). Métodos Trinta cadáveres foram dissecados. Os dados do NICB e do CLNM foram coletados: diâmetros, ramos e distâncias. Resultados Os diâmetros do NICB e da CLNM no ponto de coaptação foram 2,7mm e 3,7mm, respectivamente. O NICB originou-se como um único tronco em 93,3% dos espécimes e bifurcou-se em 73,3%. A distância entre a origem do NICB e seu ponto de coaptação com a CLNM foi de 54mm. Todos os NICBs tiveram extensão suficiente para alcançar a CLNM. Conclusão A transferência do NICB para a CLNM é anatomicamente viável e pode ser útil para restaurar a sensibilidade em pacientes com LCPB.

Injerto costal en rinoplastia. Recaudos anatómicos para la recolección de cartílago costal / Costal graft in rhinoplasty. Anatomical collections for thecollection of costal cartilage / Enxerto costal na rinoplastia. Coleções anatômicas para a cartilagem colheitacostela

Introducción: la finalidad es ponderar el conocimiento anatómico indispensable de la pared torácica para la recolección segura de cartílago costal en rinoplastia. Materiales y métodos: Se dividió en dos fases. Esta presentación corresponde a la Fase I, de tipo descriptiva observacional. La Fase II (actualmente en curso) tiene un diseño prospectivo y experimental para una futura presentación. Primera instancia: recolección de información bibliográfica, de no más de 5 años de antigüedad en bases de datos médicos y textos específicos. Segunda instancia: representación del acto quirúrgico en 3 especímenes cadavéricos humanos. En cada espécimen se realizaron 4 abordajes (2 submamarios y 2 subcostales inferiores) se hizo hincapié en la descripción de aquellas estructuras anatómicas importantes para respetar en el abordaje de la pared torácica. Resultados: Fue posible recrear las diferentes técnicas de abordaje de la pared costal. Se pudo constatar que la ubicación del paquete vasculonervioso dentro del surco costal fue constante inter especímenes e intra espécimen. La relación entre el pericondrio interno, la fascia endotorácica y la hoja parietal de la pleura resultó ser un sistema fibroadhesivo complejo y variable. Coincidimos con la bibliografía acerca de que la técnica se dificulta cuando se realiza la recolección a nivel costal más proximal. Conclusiones: Creemos que el conocimiento de la anatomía torácica es indispensable para realizar una correcta técnica de disección y posterior recolección de cartílago costal; esto disminuiría las complicaciones y la morbilidad en el sitio dador. El neumotórax y el dolor neuropático provienen del daño de estructuras anatómicas constantes.

Introduction: the purpose is to weight the anatomical knowl edge essential to the chestwall for the safe collection of costal cartilage in rhinoplasty. Materials and methods: It is divided in to two phases. This presentation corresponds to Phase I, of an observational descriptive type. Phase II (currently underway) has a prospective and experimental design for future presentation. First instance: collection of bibliographic information, not more than 5 years old in medical databases and specific texts. Second instance: representation of the surgical act in 3 human cadaveric specimens. In each specimen, 4 approaches (2 sub mamarios and 2 lower subcostals) were performed, emphasizing the description of those anatomical structures important to respect in the thoracic wall approach. Results: It was possible to recreate the different techniques of approaching the costal wall. It was observed that the location of the vasculo nervioso package with in the costal groove was constant between specimens and intra specimen. The relationship between the internal perichondrium, the endothoracic fascia and the parietal leaf of the pleura turned out to be a complex and variable fibro adhesive system. We agree with the bibliography that the technique is difficult twhen the collection is carried out at the most proximal costal level. Conclusions: We believe that knowl edge of the thoracic anatomy is essential to perform a correct technique of dissection and later collection of costal cartilage, this would reduce complications and morbidity in the donor site. Pneumothorax and neuropathic painarise from the damage of constant anatomical structures.

Introdução: o objetivo é avaliar o conhecimento anatômico essencial da parede torácica para a recolha de cartilagem costal em rinoplastia. Materiais e métodos: dividido em duas fases. Esta apresentação corresponde à Fase I, observacional descritivo. Fase II (em curso) tem um desenho prospectivo e experimental para uma apresentação futuro. Primeira instância: recolha de informação bibliográfica, não mais de 5 anos de idade em bancos de dados médicos e textos específicos. Segunda instância: a representação da cirurgia em 3 espécimes de cadá- veres humanos. Em cada espécime 4 abordagens (2 submamária e 2 inferior subcostal) enfatizou a descrição dessas estruturas anatômicas importantes a respeitar no tratamento da parede torácica foram realizadas. Resultados: Foi possível recriar as diferentes técnicas de abordagem parede torácica. Verificou-se que a localização do feixe neurovascular no sulco costal foi constante espécimes inter e intra espécime. A relação entre o pericôndrio interno, a fáscia e a folha intratorácica pleura parietal provou ser um sistema de fibro adhesive complexa e variável. Estamos de acordó com a literatura que a técnica é difícil quando a coleção é composta nível costal mais proximal. Conclusão: Acreditamos que o conhecimento da anatomia torácica é essencial para uma correta técnica de dissecção e subsequenterecolha de cartilagem costal, este iria diminuir as complicações e morbidade no sítiodoador. Pneumotórax e dorneuropática vem de danos causados por estrutura sanatômicas constantes.

Back to the debate: sternalis muscle / Volver al debate: músculo esternal

The sternalis muscle (SM) is an anatomical variant found in the anterior thoracic wall. While the attachment sites of SM are generally agreed upon, the innervation and function of this muscle are not well established. Cadaveric and surgical explorations to date report that SM is innervated by either the pectoral nerves or the anterior branches of the intercostal nerves, or a combination of both. Knowledge of SM is relevant to health care providers specialising in imaging and/or surgery of the anterior thoracic wall. This paper aims to raise awareness in the medical community of the clinical relevance of SM through two case reports and a brief literature review.

El músculo esternal (ME) es una variante anatómica en la pared torácica anterior. Mientras que los sitios de fijación del ME estan acordados, la inervación y la función de este músculo no están bien establecida. Exploraciones cadavéricas y quirúrgicas han informado que el ME está inervado por los nervios pectorales o ramos anteriores de los nervios intercostales, o una combinación de ambos. El conocimiento del SE es relevante para los proveedores de atención de salud especializada de imágenes y/o cirugía de la pared torácica anterior. Este documento tiene como objetivo crear conciencia en la comunidad médica de la relevancia clínica de ME a través de dos reportes de caso y una breve revisión bibliográfica.

Participação dos nervos intercostais na inervação do diafragma de gatos (Felis catus, Linnaeus, 1758) / Innervation of diaphragm through intercostal nerves in cats (Felis catus, Linnaeus, 1758)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a inervação do músculo diafragma em gatos, proveniente dos nervos intercostais, contradizendo diversos autores que afirmam ser este músculo inervado apenas pelos ramos dos nervos frênicos direito e esquerdo. Foi observado que existe a frequência de nervos dispostos entre o 8º e o 11º espaços intercostais.

The knowledge of organism's anatomy is essential to conduct any experiment or study with itself. Based on that, we decided to analyze and study in details the innervation of the diaphragm muscle from intercostal nerves in cats. It goes beyond other authors' analysis that describes only the innervation from phrenic nerves. Despite we have got a range of results, we observed a major frequency of eighth to tenth intercostal nerves going to diaphragm muscle.

Sympathetic Nerve Reconstruction for Compensatory Hyperhidrosis after Sympathetic Surgery for Primary Hyperhidrosis

We performed sympathetic nerve reconstruction using intercostal nerve in patients with severe compensatory hyperhidrosis after sympathetic surgery for primary hyperhidrosis, and analyzed the surgical results. From February 2004 to August 2007, sympathetic nerve reconstruction using intercostal nerve was performed in 19 patients. The subjected patients presented severe compensatory hyperhidrosis after thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery for primary hyperhidrosis. Reconstruction of sympathetic nerve was performed by thoracoscopic surgery except in 1 patient with severe pleural adhesion. The median interval between the initial sympathetic surgery and sympathetic nerve reconstruction was 47.2 (range: 3.5-110.7) months. Compensatory sweating after the reconstruction surgery improved in 9 patients, and 3 out of them had markedly improved symptoms. Sympathetic nerve reconstruction using intercostal nerve may be one of the useful surgical options for severe compensatory hyperhidrosis following sympathetic surgery for primary hyperhidrosis.

Neurovascular anatomy of the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap for breast reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the most suitable perforator and cutaneous nerve for strategic design of the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The characteristics of the pedicles, perforators, intercostal nerves and the relationship between nerves and vessels in DIEP flaps were studied in 31 formalin-preserved cadavers. RESULTS: Four hundred and five perforator vessels were divided into three vertical rows. These perforators were mostly contained in the medial row (45.4%), the average size of the perforators in the lateral row was the largest (1.0+/- 0.3 mm). The largest perforators (1.4+/- 0.3 mm) were mostly located within 1 cm horizontally from the umbilicus. Lateral row perforators, usually rectilinear course (82.7%), traveled with nerves from the beginning. Whereas, the perforators in the medial row usually coursed obliquely (86.4%) and were not related to nerves initially, they joined before piercing the rectus sheath. CONCLUSION: The present findings indicate that it would be more beneficial to use the lateral row perforators.