Diez años de la Alianza Latinoamericana de Salud Global: una iniciativa pionera / Ten years of the latin american global health alliance: a pioneering initiative

Este artículo presenta una síntesis sinóptica de los fundamentos teóricos y la praxis de la Alianza Latinoamericana de Salud Global ­ALASAG­ al cumplir 10 años desde su creación. En él se expone tanto los antecedentes como las diversas actividades realizadas de manera colaborativa e integrada por esta Alianza conformada por 10 instituciones académicas líderes en salud pública que realizan programas de docencia, investigación y relaciones con los entornos nacionales e internacional en Salud Global. Una iniciativa prioritaria a partir del año 2010 ha sido la realización de 6 congresos de alcance e impacto internacional en diferentes países, docencia tanto de pre como de postgrado y recientemente la ejecución de proyectos en temas prioritarios. Igualmente, ALASAG ha participado en congresos y reuniones internacionaes y establecido valiosas colaboraciones con organismos de Naciones Unidas tales como OMS y OPS, multilaterales latinoamericanos y bilaterales a nivel global. El artículo plantea igualmente, según opinión de los autores, las fortalezas y debilidades experimentadas por esta Alianza durante sus 10 años de existencia, y concluye señalando los desafíos en término de las políticas, programas, innovación, investigación y formación de recursos humano, frente a la nueva realidad de salud, social, política y económica que enfrentan nuestros países durante esta pandemia y en la post pandemia. (AU)

This article gives a synoptic synthesis of the theoretical foundations and praxis of the Latin American Alliance for Global Health, or ALASAG - an acronym based on the name of the group in Spanish ­ to mark its 10th anniversary. The authors present the context of the Alliance's creation and the various collaborati-ve and integrative activities carried out by ALASAG, which is made up of ten leading academic public health institution that are dedicated to teaching, researching, and forging relationships with both national and international entities to promote the field of Global Health.Since 2010, Alliance's priorities have included organizing six international global health conferences in different countries, teaching undergraduate and postgradua-te students, and mosty recently, conducting research on priority issues. Similarly, ALASAG has participated in international congresses and meetings and has establi-shed valuable collaborations with United Nations organizations, such as WHO and PAHO, as well as multilateral Latin American and global bilteral partnerships.Finally, the article explores ALASAG's strengths and weaknesses that have been iden-tifed over the past decade, and in light of the new health, social, political, and eco-nomic realities brought on by the pandemic, the article concludes by pointing out the challenges, in the areas of policy-making, program implementation, innovation, research, and capacity building, that our countries will face going foward. (AU)

Anti-doping Policy Development Process in the Sports World (1968~1999): Focusing on IOC Activities and Passive Response from Korea / 의사학

This study investigated the anti-doping policy promoted by the IOC historical sociologically focusing on the period from 1968 to 1999. Public opinion surrounding doping control has emerged as a large amount of drug possession by athletes who had participated in the 1952 Olympics was caught, as well as following the acident where an athlete had died during the competition as a result of doping. From 1960, as many doping cases in sports games were exposed, several international organizations proclaimed fight against doping in order to seek a preventive measure. In 1961, the IOC newly established a medical commission within the organization. It was decided to implement doping control and female sex testing at the same time for all athletes who participated in the 1967 Olympics, and they were implemented from 1968 winter and summer Olympic Games. In 1971, the provisions for the tests were prescribed as mandatory on the IOC charter. From 1989, the OCT system was introduced as a measure to overcome limitations of the detection during competition period. As political problems and limitations emerged, WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) was established in 1999 to professionally manage and push for doping control. Female sex testing policy contributed to preventing males from participating in female competition by deceiving their gender to some extent. However, it was abolished due to strong public condemnation such as women's rights issues, social stigma and pain, and gender discrimination debate. In 1984, a doping control center was established in Korea, which enabled drug use or doping in the sports world to emerge to the surface in our society. Korea Sports Council and KOC articles of association that supervise doping related matters of Korean athletes were revised in 1990. The action of inserting doping related issue in the articles of association was taken 20 years after the start of IOC doping policy. Beginning with two international competitions in the 1980s, Korean athletes experienced doping test directly, yet education about doping was limited. However, some national team level athletes tested positive on the doping test and underwent disciplinary action. In addition, athletic federation or leaders acquiesced athletes doping made secretly; this indicated that South Korea was also not free from doping. It was found that Korea world of sports showed very passive countermeasures and development process.

Desenvolvimento, ciência e política: o debate sobre a criação do Instituto Internacional da Hiléia Amazônica / Development, science, and politics: the debate surrounding creation of the Instituto Internacional da Hiléia Amazônica

Analisa o tema do desenvolvimento a partir do debate em torno do projeto de criação do Instituto Internacional da Hiléia Amazônica (IIHA). Abordam-se as relações entre ciência e desenvolvimento no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial. Apresentam-se as iniciativas do Estado brasileiro na Amazônia na década de 1940 e a recepção do projeto IIHA. Analisam-se as controvérsias suscitadas pelo plano da Unesco no Brasil. O projeto do IIHA foi um catalisador do debate sobre o desenvolvimento no pós-Segunda Guerra no Brasil. As discussões que ele motivou no país e o desfecho que teve consolidaram um modelo de desenvolvimento para a Amazônia que permanece pautando as iniciativas relacionadas a essa região na atualidade.

The article uses the debate surrounding creation of the Instituto Internacional da Hiléia Amazônica (International Institute of the Hylean Amazon - IIHA) as a point of departure for analyzing the topic of development. We first address post-World War II relations between science and development. Next, we examine the Brazilian government's initiatives in the Amazon during the 1940s and how the IIHA project was received. Lastly, we analyze the controversies ignited in Brazil by Unesco's plan. The IIHA project was a catalyst of the development debate in post-World War II Brazil. The discussions then sparked in Brazil and the project's denouement solidified a development model for the Amazon that even today underpins initiatives taken in the region.

Desarrollo global e histórico de IMETAF en México / Global and historical development of the IMETAF in Mexico

El IMETAF (International Molecular Epidemiology Task-Force) se creó por el entusiasmo de Janice Dorman, epidemióloga molecular formalmente capacidad en la Universidad de Pittsburgh y como consecuensia del trabajo conjunto efectuando con científicos mexicanos, en el proyecto mundial de diabetes tipo I que ella coordina en el contexto de la OMS, denominado DIAMOND. Se creó el Comité Científico Mexicano del IMETAF el 28 de julio de 1993 y desde entonces se llevaron a cabo las siguientes actividades: una encuesta nacional sobre infraestructura en epidemiología y biología molecular; un directorio nacional de investigadores potenciales involucrados en la epidemiología molecular; un curso teórico-práctico de epidemiología molecular en 1996 y otros se celebrá en mayo de 1997; una serie de talleres sobre, cáncer y leucemias, leishmaniosis y tripanosomiosis, enfermedades bacterianas, y sobre padecimientos virales. Los resultados de estos talleres se llevaron a un Taller Internacional y un Simposio sobre Proyección de la Epidemiología Molecular en la Medicina, realizados en la Academia nacional de Medicina, cuyos trabajos se publican en este volumen. Se continuará promoviendo la investigación entre epidemiólogos y básicos y se estimará el entrenamiento formal en epidemiología molecular, la transferencia de tecnología y la búsqueda de fondos para financiar los proyectos conjuntos

Desenvolvimento sustentável, ajuste estrutural e política social: as estratégias da OMS/OPS e do Banco Mundial para Atenção à Saúde / Sustainable development, structural adjustment and social policy: the strategies of WHO/PAHO and the World Bank for Health Care

Este texto analisa o processo de formação de agendas (agenda setting) com ênfase na mudança do paradigma conceitual que informa a atuação das agências internacionais na área da saúde. As agências analisadas são a Organização Mundial da Saúde (e sua oficina regional, a Organização Panamericana da Saúde) e o Banco Mundial. O primeiro paradigma conceitual discutido é o paradigma da saúde pública que balizou a agenda internacional para a saúde - sob o comando hegemônico da OMS - até a década de 50, quando se funde com o desenvolvimentismo no projeto de planejamento em saúde. Peças essenciais desse paradigma são os princípios de eqüidade e o marco conceitual da epidemiologia, os quais foram elaborados por uma comunidade de especilaistas. O segundo paradigma é o paradigma economia da saúde que passa a permear a agenda internacional nos anos 80 sob o comando do Banco Mundial. Neste paradigma os princípios de focalização e seletividade da ação pública são fundamentais e análise econômica é manejada sobretudo para revelar a dimensão fiscal e financeira da atenção à saúde. Neste paradigma a idéia de desenvolvimento sustentável também é incorporada como ingrediente importante. O texto a seguir também apresenta uma análise da dinâmica político-institucional e do processo de agenda setting da OMS/Ops e do Banco Mundial a partir de uma pesquisa de campo realizada nessas agências. A principal conclusão do texto é que a mudança de paradigma ocorrida está na base da crise atual da cooperação internacional em saúde e nas disputas interagências existentes.