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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 62(supl.2): 249-273, abr. 2014. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-753769

ABSTRACT

Score-based biotic indices are widely used to evaluate the water quality of streams and rivers. Few adaptations of these indices have been done for South America because there is a lack of knowledge on macroinvertebrate taxonomy, distribution and tolerance to pollution in the region. Several areas in the Andes are densely populated and there is need for methods to assess the impact of increasing human pressures on aquatic ecosystems. Considering the unique ecological and geographical features of the Andes, macroinvertebrate indices used in other regions must be adapted with caution. Here we present a review of the literature on macroinvertebrate distribution and tolerance to pollution in Andean areas above 2 000masl. Using these data, we propose an Andean Biotic Index (ABI), which is based on the BMWP index. In general, ABI includes fewer macroinvertebrate families than in other regions of the world where the BMWP index has been applied because altitude restricts the distribution of several families. Our review shows that in the high Andes, the tolerance of several macroinvertebrate families to pollution differs from those reported in other areas. We tested the ABI index in two basins in Ecuador and Peru, and compared it to other BMWP adaptations using the reference condition approach. The ABI index is extremely useful for detecting the general impairment of rivers but class quality boundaries should be defined independently for each basin because reference conditions may be different. The ABI is widely used in Ecuador and Peru, with high correlations with land-use pressures in several studies. The ABI index is an integral part of the new multimetric index designed for high Andean streams (IMEERA). Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 249-273. Epub 2014 April 01.


Los índices bióticos basados en puntuación son ampliamente utilizados para evaluar la calidad del agua de los arroyos y ríos. Varias áreas de los Andes están densamente pobladas y hay necesidad de métodos para evaluar el impacto de la creciente presión humana sobre los ecosistemas acuáticos. Dadas las características ecológicas y geográficas únicas de los Andes, los índices de macroinvertebrados utilizados en otras regiones deben adaptarse con cautela. Aquí se presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre distribución de macroinvertebrados y la tolerancia a la contaminación en las zonas andinas por encima de 2 000msnm. Usando estos datos, se propone un Índice Biolótico Andino (ABI), que se basa en el índice de BMWP. En general, ABI incluye un menor número de familias de macroinvertebrados que en otras regiones del mundo donde se ha aplicado el índice BMWP porque la altitud restringe la distribución de varias de ellas. Nuestra revisión muestra que la tolerancia de varias familias a la contaminación en los ríos altoandinos difiere de lo reportado en otras áreas. Probamos el índice ABI en dos cuencas en Ecuador y Perú, y comparamos con otras adaptaciones BMWP utilizando el enfoque de condición de referencia. Nuestros resultados muestran que el índice de ABI es extremadamente útil para detectar el deterioro general de los ríos, pero que los límites entre las clases de calidad deben ser definidos independientemente para cada cuenca debido a que las condiciones de referencia pueden ser diferentes. El ABI es ampliamente utilizado en Ecuador y Perú, y es parte integral del nuevo índice multimétrico diseñado para corrientes altas andinas (IMEERA).


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Biota , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Invertebrates/chemistry , Invertebrates/classification , Rivers/chemistry , Ecuador , Peru , Population Dynamics , Water Pollution
2.
Invest. clín ; 53(1): 71-83, mar. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-664567

ABSTRACT

La infección por VIH (virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana) en la actualidad es un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, que requiere de nuevas estrategias vacunales para detener su propagación así como para su efectivo tratamiento. Algunos estudios relacionados con la inmunidad innata en contra de VIH, han demostrado que los péptidos antimicrobianos (AMP´s) pueden generar resistencia a las infecciones virales. En la presente revisión, se describen a los péptidos antimicrobianos de humano y su actividad en contra de VIH así como péptidos de otras especies como plantas, anfibios, insectos y varias especies de animales que poseen un potencial terapéutico o profiláctico en la infección por VIH. Se describen brevemente algunos mecanismos mediante los cuales estos péptidos pueden bloquear la replicación e infección por el VIH.


HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is today a very important health issue worldwide, which demands new ways and strategies for its prevention and treatment. Several studies on the innate immunity against HIV infection have shown that antimicrobial peptides are associated with increased resistance to infection. In the present review, we briefly summarize the major characteristics of antimicrobial peptides from human and several species of plants, amphibians, insects and other animal species that have significant potential to be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. The mechanisms of infection inhibition and viral replication blockade are also described in the context of the biology of infection.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/isolation & purification , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology , Drug Discovery , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , HIV , Invertebrates/chemistry , Plants/chemistry , Species Specificity , Vertebrates/metabolism , Virus Replication/drug effects
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 71(2): 391-399, maio 2011. graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-592574

ABSTRACT

Benthic macroinvertebrates have many useful properties that make possible the use of these organisms as sentinel in biomonitoring programmes in freshwater. Combined with the characteristics of the water and sediment, benthic macroinvertebrates are potential indicators of environmental quality. Thus, the spatial occurrence of potentially toxic metals (Al, Zn, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in the water, sediment and benthic macroinvertebrates samples were investigated in a sub-basin in the southeast of Brazil in the city of São Carlos, São Paulo state, with the aim of verifying the metals and environment interaction with benthic communities regarding bioaccumulation. Hypothetically, there can be contamination by metals in the aquatic environment in the city due to lack of industrial effluent treatment. All samples were analysed by the USEPA adapted method and processed in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The sub-basin studied is contaminated by toxic metals in superficial water, sediment and benthic macroinvertebrates. The Bioaccumulation Factor showed a tendency for metal bioaccumulation by the benthic organisms for almost all the metal species. The results show a potential human and ecosystem health risk, contributing to metal contamination studies in aquatic environments in urban areas.


Os organismos bentônicos têm muitas propriedades úteis que os fazem organismos sentinelas em programas de biomonitoramento em ecossistemas de água doce. Analisando em conjunto com as características da água e do sedimento, são potenciais indicadores da qualidade ambiental. Neste contexto, a ocorrência espacial de metais pesados (Al, Zn, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn e Ni) na água, sedimentos e amostras de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foi investigada em uma sub-bacia no sudeste do Brasil, na cidade de São Carlos, SP, com o objetivo de verificar a interação dos metais do ambiente com a comunidade bentônica quanto à bioacumulação. Por hipótese, admite-se que haja contaminação por metais nos ambientes aquáticos do município devido à ausência de tratamento de efluentes industriais. Todas as amostras foram analisadas pelo método USEPA adaptado e processado por espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. A bacia estudada apresenta contaminação por metais tóxicos em águas superficiais, sedimentos e macroinvertebrados bentônicos. O Fator de Bioacumulação mostrou uma tendência para a bioacumulação de metais por organismos bentônicos para quase todas as espécies de metal. Os resultados demonstram um potencial risco à saúde humana e ao ecossistema, contribuindo com o estudo de contaminação por metais em ambientes aquáticos de áreas urbanas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Fresh Water/chemistry , Invertebrates/chemistry , Metals, Heavy/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism , Brazil , Invertebrates/classification , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
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