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1.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-135710

ABSTRACT

Background & objectives: DPE-28, a substituted diphenyl ether (2,6-ditertiarybutyl phenyl-2’,4’-dinitro phenyl ether) was reported to exhibit promising insect growth regulating activity against Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of lymphatic filariasis. A controlled release formulation (CRF) of DPE-28 has been developed to control Cx. quinquefasciatus in its breeding habitats. Toxicity of DPE-28, safety to non-target mosquito predators and the release profile of the CRF of DPE-28 are studied and discussed. Methods: The acute oral and dermal toxicity was tested in male and female Wistar rats as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines 425 and 402 respectively. The toxicity of DPE-28 to non-target predators was tested as per the reported procedure from this laboratory. The CRF of DPE-28 was prepared by following the reported procedure developed at this laboratory earlier. The concentration of DPE-28 released from the CRF was monitored by HPLC by constructing a calibration graph by plotting the peak area in the Y-axis and the concentration of DPE-28 in the X-axis. Results: DPE-28 has been tested for acute oral toxicity and found to be moderately toxic with LD50 value of 1098 mg/kg body weight (b.w). The results of the acute dermal toxicity and skin irritation studies reveal that DPE-28 is safe and non-irritant. DPE-28 when tested at 0.4 mg/litre against non-target mosquito predators did not produce any mortality. The release profile of the active ingredient DPE-28 from the CRF by HPLC technique showed that the average daily release (ADR) of DPE-28 ranged from 0.07 to 5.0 mg/litre during first four weeks. Thereafter the matrix started eroding and the ADR ranged from 5 to 11 mg/litre during the remaining 5 wk. The cumulative release of active ingredient showed that > 90 per cent of the active ingredient was released from the matrix. Interpretation & conclusions: The controlled release matrix of DPE-28 was thus found to inhibit the adult emergence (>80%) of Cx. quinquefasciatus for a period of nine weeks. The CRF of DPE-28 may play a useful role in field and may be recommended for mosquito control programme after evaluating the same under field conditions.


Subject(s)
Animals , Breeding , Culex/drug effects , Culex/physiology , Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry , Delayed-Action Preparations/toxicity , Female , Humans , Insect Vectors , Insecticides/administration & dosage , Insecticides/chemistry , Insecticides/pharmacology , Insecticides/toxicity , Juvenile Hormones/administration & dosage , Juvenile Hormones/chemistry , Juvenile Hormones/pharmacology , Juvenile Hormones/toxicity , Larva/drug effects , Lethal Dose 50 , Male , Mosquito Control/methods , Phenyl Ethers/administration & dosage , Phenyl Ethers/chemistry , Phenyl Ethers/pharmacology , Phenyl Ethers/toxicity , Rabbits , Rats , Rats, Wistar
2.
Rev. bras. entomol ; 53(1): 115-120, 2009. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-511780

ABSTRACT

A influência do hormônio juvenil sobre o desenvolvimento do ovário de larvas de operárias de Apis mellifera foi analisada levando em conta a determinação trófica das castas, segundo a qual a alimentação larval é controlada pelas operárias de maneira a promover uma diferenciação de castas controlada pela produção e disponibilidade desse hormônio. A hipótese testada é que a ação do hormônio juvenil seja capaz de proteger ou prevenir a degeneração nos ovários das larvas de operárias. Foi feita aplicação tópica de 1 ml de hormônio dissolvido em hexano na concentração de 1 mg/ml do segundo até o quinto dia de vida larval, e a morfologia dos ovários avaliada nos dias subseqüentes à aplicação até ao sexto dia de vida larval. Como controles foram utilizadas larvas nas quais se aplicou 1 ml de hexano e larvas que não receberam nenhum tratamento. Constatou-se que o efeito do hormônio juvenil varia conforme a idade larval em que é aplicado e que este efeito foi maior quando a aplicação foi feita no terceiro dia de vida larval.


The influence of juvenile hormone (JH) on the ovarian development of worker larvae of Apis mellifera was analyzed, taking into account the trophic determination of the castes. The workers control the larval feeding in order to promote caste differentiation, which is regulated by the production and availability of this hormone. The hypothesis tested was that the action of juvenile hormone is capable of protecting or preventing the degeneration of the ovaries in worker larvae. A preparation of 1 ml of juvenile hormone dissolved in hexane at a concentration of 1 mg/ml was applied topically to 2- to 5-day-old larvae. The morphology of the ovaries was evaluated on the days following the application, until the larvae were 6 days old. The controls consisted of larvae to which 1 ml of hexane was applied, and larvae that received no treatment. The effect of juvenile hormone varied according to the age of the larvae to which it was applied, and this effect was greatest in 3-day-old larvae.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Bees , Juvenile Hormones/administration & dosage , Larva , Ovary
3.
Neotrop. entomol ; 35(4): 469-476, July-Aug. 2006. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-451244

ABSTRACT

The present study analyzed, the influence of the treatment with juvenile hormone on the ultrastructure of Apis mellifera L. workers' venom glands. Newly emerged workers received topical application of 1 æl of juvenile hormone diluted in hexane, in the concentration of 2 æg/æl. Two controls were used; one control received no treatment (group C1) and other received topical application of 1 æl of hexane (group C2). The aspect of the glandular cells, in not treated newly emerged workers, showed that they are not yet secreting actively. Cellular modifications happened according to the worker age and to the glandular area considered. The most active phase of the gland happened from the emergence to the 14th day. At the 25th day the cells had already lost their secretory characteristic, being the distal area the first to suffer degeneration. The treatment with juvenile hormone and hexane altered the temporal sequence of the glandular cycle, forwarding the secretory cycle and degeneration of the venom gland.


O presente estudo analisou, através de estudos ultra-estruturais a influência do tratamento com hormônio juvenil sobre as glândulas de veneno de operárias de Apis mellifera L. Para tanto, operárias recém-emergidas receberam aplicação tópica de 1æl de hormônio juvenil, na concentração de 2 æg/æl, sendo usado o hexano como veículo. Foram feitos dois controles, um que não recebeu nenhum tipo de tratamento (grupo C1) e o outro que recebeu aplicação tópica de 1 æl de hexano (grupo C2). O aspecto das células glandulares, em operárias recém-emergidas, mostra que estas não estão ainda secretando ativamente. Observa-se que alterações celulares ocorrem de acordo com a idade da operária e da região glandular considerada no controle C1. Assim, a fase de secreção mais ativa da glândula ocorre entre a emergência e os 14 dias de idade; aos 25 dias as células já perderam sua característica secretora, sendo a região distal a primeira a sofrer degeneração. Os tratamentos com hormônio juvenil e com hexano alteram a cronologia do ciclo glandular, antecipando o início da secreção e da degeneração da glândula.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bees/ultrastructure , Exocrine Glands/ultrastructure , Juvenile Hormones/administration & dosage , Administration, Topical , Bee Venoms , Bees/drug effects , Exocrine Glands/drug effects
4.
Rev. bras. biol ; 55(supl.1): 113-20, dez. 1995. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-161019

ABSTRACT

A aplicaçäo de Hormônio Juvenil I, II e III em doses simples ou fracionadas sobre larvas de Melipona compressipes, M. quadrifasciata, M. rufiventris e M. scutellaris, quando estas estäo nas fases de L3 e no início da fase de tecelagem dos casulos (larvas pré-defecantes - LPD) ativa os genes feminizantes induzindo diferenciaçäo das larvas fêmeas em rainhas. A técnica de fracionar as dosagens demonstrou ser eficiente em Melipona para a produçäo de rainhas. E difícil obter 100 por cento de rainhas com uma única dose de HJ em algumas espécies, o que implica em um mecanismo de degradaçäo do HJ por esterase específica; 100 por cento de produçäo ocorre somente quando a quantidade adequada de HJ é administrada dentro do período larval que é crítico para a determinaçäo de casta. A dose limite de HJ I para M. compressipes (abaixo da qual näo é possível obter 100 por cento de rainhas) foi de 0,1µg HJ I em 4 aplicaçöes de 0,025µg cada. Para Melipona quadrifasciata a dose limite para se atingir a proporçäo máxima de rainhas foi de 0,2µg HJ I em 4 aplicaçöes de 0,05µg cada. Para M. scutellaris a dose de 0,025µg de HJ I/µl em dose única determinou 100 por cento de rainhas. Näo foi obtido 100 por cento de rainhas em M. rufiventris e dose única de 0,2µg HJ I/µl produziu 86 por cento de rainhas. A fim de se obter a expressäo dos genes feminizantes em espécies de Melipona, o HJ I foi o mais eficiente, seguido do HJ III. Cada espécie responde diferentemente a doses de HJ e estas necessitam ser testadas e aferidas antes de uso.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Bees/physiology , Juvenile Hormones/administration & dosage , Gene Expression , Genes, Insect , Larva/physiology , Sex Differentiation
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