ABSTRACT
Pathological laughing and crying (PLC) is a disorder of emotional expression, accompanying various neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. It causes significant distress and impairment in social and occupational functioning. It remains largely unrecognized in clinical settings and requires differentiation from other affective disorders. Validated instruments are available to aid in improving recognition of this disorder. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Antidepressants, dopaminergic and other newer agents have been reported to show varying levels of treatment success. This review describes the clinical features. pathophysiology and various treatment approaches available for PLC.
Subject(s)
Crying/physiology , Crying/psychology , Crying/therapy , Humans , Laughter/physiology , Laughter/psychology , Laughter/therapy , Mood Disorders/physiopathology , Mood Disorders/psychology , Mood Disorders/therapy , PrevalenceABSTRACT
O maior objetivo desta publicação é apresentar o efeito do riso e do bom humor em indivíduos normais. Pelo bom humor, mudanças consideravelmente benéficas podem ocorrer em indivíduos normais não só na vida social (o riso pode ser considerado como importante ferramenta de comunicação e terapia social), mas até no sistema imunológico, estimulando o aumento na produção de células de defesa tais como os linfócitos. Aborda o processo de informações que ocorre no SNC, as diferenças de concentrações de neurotransmissores assim como modificações nos sistemas respiratório, digestório, vascular e muscular. Também mostra que o riso tem efeito analgésico, aumentando as concentrações de endorfina e serotonina e reduzindo a concentração de substâncias como cortisol e catecolaminas, que estão presentes em grandes quantidades em situações de estresse.
The major goal of this publication is to present the effect of laughter and good mood in noraml individuals. With good mood considerably beneficial changes might occur to the individual concerning not only social life (laughter may be considered a very efficient tool for communication and social therapy) but also his immunologic system, stimulating an increase in the production of defense cells such as lymphocytes. It focuses on the information process in the CNS, on the differences of neurotransmitters concentrations as well as the modifications of respiratory, digestory, vascular and muscular systems. It also shows that laughter has an analgesic effect, increasing the endorphin and serotonina concentrations and reducing the concentration of substances like cortisol and catecolaminas, which are present in large quantities in stress situations.
Subject(s)
Humans , Human Development , Laughter/physiology , Wit and Humor as TopicABSTRACT
Clinical, radiological and pathological studies in patients with stroke, presenting with pathological laughter as heralding manifestation, have shown lesions in the internal capsule and thalamus, basal ganglion, hypothalamus and ventral pons. In this report a patient with similar manifestation and having a cortical infarct in the territory supplied by superior division of middle cerebral artery is being presented. Our case suggests possible influence of dominant cerebral hemisphere, especially of Broca's area, on the motor control of laughter.
Subject(s)
Dominance, Cerebral , Female , Frontal Lobe/blood supply , Humans , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology , Laughter/physiology , Middle Aged , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
El ser humano es el único animal que ríe. La risa es un programa motor altamente especializado que puede ser desencadenado por un estímulo interno o externo y que manifiesta la emoción conocida como alegría. Este estímulo tiene su procesamiento a nivel del sistema nervioso central en áreas primarias, secundarias y de asociación multimodal. En el sistema límbico se lleva a cabo el procesamiento de las emociones y es probablemente el origen de los potencíales motores que caracterizan a la risa, incluidos la expresión facial y los movimientos de los músculos que controlan la ventilación y fonación. Una vez procesado el estímulo, además de los actos motores automáticos mencionados, se lleva a cabo una activación autonómica generalizada la cual tiene salida por diversas vías, incluyen el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis y sistema nervioso autónomo. Todos estos componentes conforman la emoción, proceso que involucra, cuando se trata de alegría, el acto motor llamado risa.