ABSTRACT
A simple, rapid, specific and precise reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous estimation of triacetin, acetic ether, butyl acetate and amorolfine in marketed pharmaceutical liniment. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Shimadzu VP-ODS C18 column using the mixture of citric acid-hydrochloric acid-sodium hydrate buffer [pH 3.0], acetonitrile and methanol [32:30:38] as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV-detection at 215 nm. The method separated the four components simultaneously in less than 10 min. The validation of the method was performed with respect to specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 35.1-81.9 micro g/mL for triacetin, 431.1-1005.9 micro g/mL for acetic ether, 167.0-389.7 micro g/mL for butyl acetate and 151.0-352.3 micro g/mL for amorolfine. The mean 100% spiked recovery for triacetin, acetic ether, butyl acetate and amorolfine is 99.43 +/- 0.42, 101.5 +/- 1.09, 101.4 +/- 1.02 and 100.8 +/- 0.69, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation values were <2.0%. The limits of detection of these compounds ranged from 0.08 to 5.88 ng. The utility of the procedure was verified by its application to the commercial liniment
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Triacetin , Acetates , LinimentsABSTRACT
Mastitis as a widely spread health problem does not only cause the largest economic disease-related losses in dairy farms, but also is responsible for the extended use of antibiotics in these enterprises. As this disease is considered multifactorial, development of new infection depends both on the presence of mastitis pathogens and a series of additional factors that act concomitantly. Therefore, for treatment and prevention of mastitis, determination of these factors is necessary. Antibiotic therapy is the common choice to control acute mastitis, but it is necessary to look for new options like immune modulators to better work out this problem and support the treatments. The current study was to evaluate the use of softener cream with Mentha spicata [Addermint[R]] therapy as a supportive treatment in management of acute mastitis in Holstein cattle. In a large dairy farm, 120 clinical cases [Class II acute Mastitis] were divided into three groups [A, B and C]. All of the animals had received an antibacterial therapy including 50ml of oxytetracycline 5% IV and one tube of Tetranebalone[R] intramamary infusion every 12 hours. Addermint[R], Phenylbutazone or Dam cream[R] liniments were used on external skin of udders in A, B and C groups every 8 hours, respectively. Milk samples were taken from each cow prior to the treatment and were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar media. The genuses of isolated bacteria were determined microscopically and by results of biochemical reactions. Daily inspection of milk and udder were recorded. The withdrawal time of treated cows was 3 days and recurrent cases were recorded for the following 30 days. The results of this study showed that, E. coli had the highest incidence in positive cultures [n=46] followed by Staphylococcus spp. [n=19] in 72.5% of positive cultures. No bacterium was isolated in 27.5% of cultures. Bacillus spp. [n=12], Streptococcus spp. [n=3], Klebsiella spp. [n=4] and Corynebacterium spp. [n=3] were isolated in 10%, 2.5%, 3.5% and 2.5% of cultures, respectively. The recovery times were 26.7, 26.9 and 44.9 hrs. In A, B and C groups, respectively. The recurrence percentiles were 32.5%, 42.5% and 45% in A, B and C groups, respectively. Our results showed that softener cream [Adder mint] usage is more effective than phenylbutazone and Dam cream in supporting the antibiotic treatment. It reduced the treatment period, withdrawal time and recurrence, dramatically
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Mentha spicata , Phenylbutazone , Liniments , Acute DiseaseABSTRACT
Cuando se va a realizar una farmacoterapia, lo que se pretende es hacer llegar el fármaco a su sitio de acción: tejido susceptible o blanco del fármaco. Colocar directamente el fármaco en el tejido susceptible es muy difícil si no es imposible, ya que la mayoría de estos se encuentran en lo más profundo del organismo. Así, solo se puede colocar directamente el fármaco en el tejido susceptible si este es un tejido superficial (piel o mucosa). Tomando en cuenta que no es fácil ni práctico tratar de colocar directamente un fármaco en su tejido susceptible, se trata alternativamente de hacerlo llegar allí por medios indirectos. Conociendo que la sangre es un medio que llega a todo el organismo, se le utiliza para transportar los fármacos hacia sus tejidos susceptible. El llegar a la sangre tampoco es tan simple, por ello se emplean dos métodos para colocar el fármaco en ella; uno directo (administración del fármaco directamente al torrente circulatorio, v.g. Inyección intravenosa) e indirecto, haciendo llegar al fármaco a un compartimiento orgánico o receptáculo natural, ya sea abierto al exterior (aparato digestivo, aparato respiratorio), o cerrado al exterior (peritoneo, tejido muscular, subcutáneo). El fármaco colocado en un receptáculo pasará hacia la sangre, es decir, se absorberá. O sea, estará en condiciones de iniciar su recorrido por el organismo en busca de su tejido susceptible y ejercer su acción.
Subject(s)
Drug Administration Routes , Drug Therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Enema , Injections , Liniments , Suppositories , TabletsABSTRACT
A terapia sexual, enquanto uma das vertentes psicoterapêutica, tem sido utilizada nos últimos 30 anos, como a melhor forma no tratamento de disfunçöes sexuais de origem psicológica. Os autores compilam substâncias utilizáveis como lubrificantes possíveis de serem utilizados nas relaçöes sexuais e tecem consideraçöes sobre a utilizaçäo destes lubrificantes no tratamento de disfunçöes sexuais através de terapia sexual