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1.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 31(1): 34-43, feb. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-706544

ABSTRACT

High density lipoproteins (HDL) are responsible of reverse cholesterol transport and play an important antiatherogenic role. In recent years, several studies suggest that HDL have additional functions, including a possible anti-inflammatory activity in infectious conditions. Furthermore, available evidence indicates that the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) within the circulation during infectious states induced by gram-negative bacteria may be involved in the decrease in HDL cholesterol levels and changes in lipoprotein composition, which have been associated with a higher mortality due to sepsis in animal models and in humans. In this article, we review this subject and also discuss possible mechanisms that explain the positive impact achieved by native HDL, reconstituted HDL, or HDL apolipoprotein peptides on the inflammatory response and mortality in models of endotoxemia. In this regard, it has been proposed that one of the mechanisms by which HDL protect against sepsis may be mediated by its binding ability and/or neutralizing capacity on LPS, avoiding an excessive response of the immune system. Thus, increasing blood levels of HDL and/or parenteral HDL administration may represent a new anti-inflammatory tool for managing septic states in humans.


Las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) son responsables del transporte reverso de colesterol y ejercen un importante papel anti-aterogénico. En los últimos años, diversos estudios indican que las HDL también tendrían otras funciones críticas, incluyendo una posible actividad anti-inflamatoria durante estados infecciosos. Además, la evidencia disponible sugiere que la presencia de lipopolisacárido (LPS) en la circulación durante estados infecciosos inducidos por bacterias gramnegativas podría estar involucrado en la disminución del colesterol HDL y los cambios en composición de esta clase lipoproteínas, lo cual se asociaría con una mayor tasa de mortalidad por sepsis en modelos animales y en humanos. En este trabajo, se revisan los antecedentes mencionados y además se discuten posibles mecanismos que explican la disminución de la respuesta inflamatoria y de la mortalidad que se logran en modelos de endotoxemia tratados con HDL o preparaciones similares. En este sentido, se ha propuesto que uno de los mecanismos protectores de las HDL estaría mediado por su capacidad de unión y/o neutralización del LPS, evitando una respuesta exacerbada del sistema inmune. De esta manera, el aumento de los niveles sanguíneos de HDL y/o su administración parenteral podrían constituir nuevas herramientas anti-inflamatorias para el manejo de estados sépticos en humanos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Endotoxemia/immunology , Lipoproteins, HDL/physiology , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Sepsis/immunology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Apolipoprotein A-I/analysis , Cholesterol/blood , Disease Models, Animal , Endotoxemia/blood , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Inflammation/blood , Inflammation/immunology , Lipopolysaccharides/blood , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Lipoproteins, HDL/drug effects , Sepsis/blood , Thrombosis/blood
3.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 50(4): 223-227, July-Aug. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-492727

ABSTRACT

HIV+ patients often develop alterations of the plasma lipids that may implicate in development of premature coronary artery disease. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has an important role in preventing atherogenesis and the aim of this study was to investigate aspects of HDL function in HIV+ patients. HIV+ patients (n = 48) and healthy control subjects (n = 45) of both sexes with similar age were studied. Twenty-five were not being treated with antiretroviral agents, 13 were under reverse transcriptase inhibitor nucleosidic and non-nucleosidic (NRTI+NNRTI) and 10 were under NRTI + protease inhibitors (NRTI+PI) treatment. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and the transfer of free and esterified cholesterol, tryglicerides and phospholipids from a lipidic nanoemulsion to HDL were analyzed. In comparison with healthy controls, HIV+ patients presented low PON-1 activity and diminished transfer of free cholesterol and tryglicerides. In contrast, phospholipid transfer was increased in those patients, whereas the transfer of cholesteryl esters was unchanged. NRTI+NNRTI increases the transfer of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides but in NRTI+PI there was no difference in respect to non-treated HIV+ patients. HDL from HIV+ patients has smaller antioxidant properties, as shown by lower PON-1 activity, and the transfer of lipids to this lipoprotein fraction is also altered, suggesting that HDL function is defective in those patients.


Pacientes HIV+ freqüentemente desenvolvem alterações no metabolismo de lípides que podem influir no desenvolvimento de doença arterial coronária. A lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) tem papel importante na prevenção da aterogênese. Para investigar aspectos funcionais da HDL na doença, foram estudados 48 pacientes HIV+ e 45 indivíduos-controle saudáveis de ambos os sexos, com idade semelhantes. Vinte e cinco pacientes HIV+ não recebiam terapia antirretroviral, 13 estavam sob tratamento com inibidores nucleosídicos de transcriptase reversa e não-nucleosídicos (NRTI+NNRTI) e 10 sob tratamento com NRTI e inibidor de protease (NRTI+PI). Analisou-se a atividade da paroxonase 1 e a transferência de colesterol livre e esterificado, triglicérides e fosfolipídios de uma nanoemulsão lipídica para a HDL. Pacientes HIV+ apresentaram menor atividade da paroxonase 1 e menor transferência de colesterol livre e triglicérides em relação aos indivíduos saudáveis. A transferência de fosfolipídios foi maior nesses pacientes, mas a transferência de éster de colesterol foi similar. NRTI+NNRTI aumenta a transferência de éster de colesterol e triglicérides, mas em NRTI+PI não houve diferença comparando com os pacientes HIV+ não tratados. A HDL de pacientes HIV+ tem propriedades antioxidantes reduzidas, evidenciada pela menor atividade da paraxonase 1, e transferência de lipídios alterada, sugerindo que a HDL apresente função defeituosa nestes pacientes.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Aryldialkylphosphatase/metabolism , HIV Infections/enzymology , Lipid Metabolism/physiology , Lipoproteins, HDL/metabolism , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Case-Control Studies , Cholesterol Esters/metabolism , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/physiopathology , HIV Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Lipoproteins, HDL/physiology , Phospholipids/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Triglycerides/metabolism
4.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 66(3): 263-272, 2006. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-440702

ABSTRACT

El lipopolisacarido bacteriano (LPS), tambien denominado endotoxina, es el constituyente mayoritario de la membrana externa de bacterias Gram negativas. Esta molecula es liberada de la bacteria a la circulacion exhibiendo una amplia variedad de efectos toxicos y pro-inflamatorios, los cuales estan asociados al lipido A y a su vez estan relacionados a la patogenesis de la sepsis. Muchos de los fenomenos fisiologicos producidos por el LPS resultan de la capacidad de esta molecula de activar las celulas del sistema inmune del huesped, entre ellas monocitos, macrofagos y leucocitos polimorfonucleares. Este proceso produce una inflamacion local, proceso beneficioso para el huesped. Sin embargo, si la cantidad de LPS liberado excede cierta concentracion critica umbral, la exacerbada liberacion de citoquinas inflamatorias como Factor de Necrosis Tumoral (TNF-alfa) e interleuquinas (IL) resulta en sepsis grave, lo que hace necesario encontrar nuevas opciones terapeuticas capaces de neutralizar la endotoxina circulante. En este articulo se presenta una revision actualizada de los resultados experimentales obtenidos in vivo e in vitro empleando proteinas y peptidos sinteticos con la finalidad de neutralizar el LPS, y las perspectivas que en este area ofrece el uso de lipoproteinas, en particular la apolipoproteina A-I y formas mutantes o peptidos derivados de esta proteina.


Lipopolisaccharide (LPS), also called endotoxin, is the major component of the external membrane in Gram negative bacteria. This molecule is released to circulation by the bacteria, producing a large variety of toxic and pro-inflammatory effects which are associated with lipid A as well as with sepsis pathogenesis. Many physiological henomena produced by LPS arise from this molecule's capacity to activate cells in the host immune system such as monocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This process leads to a local inflammation, and it is beneficial for the host. However, if the amount of LPS released exceeds the critical concentration thresholdan augmented release of inflammatory cytokines as TNF-alfa, and interleukines (IL) produce a severe sepsis. This fact led us to find therapeutical alternatives able to neutralize circulating endotoxin. This work is focused on the experimental results obtained in vivo and in vitro using synthetic proteins and peptides in order to neutralizeLPS, and on future perpectives in this research area that offer the use of lipoprotein and in particular apolipoprotein A-I and mutants or peptides derived from this protein.


Subject(s)
Humans , Endotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors , Gram-Negative Bacteria , Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors , Peptides/pharmacology , Sepsis/drug therapy , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Apolipoprotein A-I/metabolism , Endotoxins/chemistry , Endotoxins/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/metabolism , Inflammation , Interleukins/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry , Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism , Lipoproteins, HDL/chemistry , Lipoproteins, HDL/physiology , Peptides/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins , Sepsis/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
5.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 33(3): 313-6, Mar. 2000. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-255051

ABSTRACT

The uptake of lipids and lipoprotein particles by macrophages undergoes phagocytic activation and the formation of foam cells are key events in atherosclerosis. In this study we determined how intact high density lipoproteins (HDL) and apolipoproteins-HDL (removal of the lipid component from HDL, i.e., apoHDL) influence the phagocytosis of zymosan by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Zymosan particles preincubated together with lipoproteins or alone (control) were incubated with the macrophages. Phagocytosis activity was reported as the percent of macrophages that internalized three or more zymosan particles. HDL co-incubated with zymosan did not influence the over-all uptake of zymosan particles compared to apoHDL, which greatly enhanced the ability of the particle to be phagocytized (P<0.001). Part of this effect might be related to a greater binding of apoHDL to the particles compared to that of HDL (P<0.05). We conclude that this can be a useful method to study the ability of lipoproteins, including modified lipoproteins obtained from subjects with genetic forms of hyperlipidemia, to opsonize particles such as red blood cells and thus to investigate the processes that control the formation of foam cells and the mechanisms of atherogenesis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Apolipoproteins/physiology , Lipoproteins, HDL/physiology , Macrophages, Peritoneal/physiology , Phagocytosis/physiology , Zymosan/physiology , Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
6.
Acta méd. colomb ; 16(4): 182-97, jul.-ago. 1991. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-292903

ABSTRACT

Se determinaron los valores de refernecia de apoproteínas A1 (apo A1) y B (apo B) para la población de Manizales. Para tal efecto fue realizado un muestreo estratificado proporcional de conglomerados. Sobre un total de 186 pacientes se realizaron cuantificaciones de lípidos séricos y apo A1 y apo B, y se calcularon los promedios poblacionales mediante un análisis de distribución 2 paramétrica log-normal. Sobre los datos obtenidos se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación (r), significancia estadística de tales coeficientes y análisis de regresión de los valores de aoproteínas con los lípidos séricos, edad y sexo. Los resulatdos obtenidos muestran diferencias en los niveles de apoproteínas por grupos de edad observándose valores inferiores de apo A1 y B en el grupo de personas de 15 a 24 años. los valores de apo A1 se incrementan hasta los 44 años en los hombres y van disminuyendo paulatinamente; en las mujeres el incremento se presenta hasta los 59 años y disminuye ligeramente después de los 60 años. Respecto a los valores de apo B se observa el mismo comportamiento. Sin embargo, la correlación apo A1 y B con edad es muy baja. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los promedios de apo A 1 y B por grupos de edad y según el sexo. Realizadas las correlaciones con los diferentes lípidos séricos los valores más altos observados fueron A1 con C-HDL (0.38) y de apo B con colesterol total (0.45), con C-LDL (0.34). La significancia de estas correlaciones es de P<0.001. Los valores de referencia obtenidos en este estudio son significativamente inferiores a los reportados en la literatura. Tales variaciones refuerzan la importancia de determinar valores de referencia que sean aplicables a la población objeto de atención en salud, dada la influencia de factores étnicos, ambientales, geográficos y nutricionales en los diferentes grupos poblacionales


Subject(s)
Humans , Apoproteins/isolation & purification , Apoproteins/analysis , Apoproteins/physiology , Lipids/isolation & purification , Lipids/blood , Lipoproteins, HDL/physiology , Lipoproteins, HDL
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