ABSTRACT
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important enzyme in inflammation. In this study, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of the synergistic effect of rottlerin on interleukin1beta (IL-1beta)-induced COX-2 expression in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. Treatment with rottlerin enhanced IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels. Combined treatment with rottlerin and IL-1beta significantly induced COX-2 expression, at least in part, through the enhancement of COX-2 mRNA stability. In addition, rottlerin and IL-1beta treatment drove sustained activation of p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is involved in induced COX-2 expression. Also, a pharmacological inhibitor of p38 MAPK (SB 203580) and transient transfection with inactive p38 MAPK inhibited rottlerin and IL-1beta-induced COX-2 upregulation. However, suppression of protein kinase C delta (PKC delta) expression by siRNA or overexpression of dominant-negative PKC delta (DN-PKC-delta) did not abrogate the rottlerin plus IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression. Furthermore, rottlerin also enhanced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced COX-2 expression. Taken together, our results suggest that rottlerin causes IL-1beta-induced COX-2 upregulation through sustained p38 MAPK activation in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Acetophenones/pharmacology , Benzopyrans/pharmacology , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Cell Line, Tumor , Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Interleukin-1beta/immunology , MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects , Mallotus Plant/chemistry , NF-kappa B/immunology , Protein Kinase C-delta/antagonists & inhibitors , Reactive Oxygen Species/immunology , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunologyABSTRACT
In the present paper an attempt has been made to find out, botanical, physico-chemical and phytochemical characteristics of the powdery covering of ripe fruits obtained from Kamala [Mallotus philippinensis Muell.-Arg.]. The important parameters are studied macro-microscopically characters, pH values, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water insoluble ash, sulphated ash, qualitative ash, analysis for inorganic constituents, qualitative analysis of different extractives for organic chemical constituents, successive extractive values, thin layer chromatography of different extracts and their analysis has also been performed. Detailed Phytochemical studies have been further confirmed that the main organic compound in the powder studied is [Rottlerin]. The compound has been found in dark brown rhombic crystal m.p. 203-05°C It is an important medicinal tree, which is used traditionally for the treatment of ringworm, scabies, herpes and other parasitic skin diseases. Kamala powder alone is applied over syphilitic ulcers
Subject(s)
Pharmacognosy , Medicine, Unani , Plant Extracts , Species Specificity , Mallotus Plant/chemistry , Plant PreparationsABSTRACT
The antifungal properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Funtumia elastica and Mallotus oppositifolius were carried out using the disc diffusion agar assay. The crude extracts exhibited definite significant antifungal activity on most of the fungi. The zone of inhibition varied for the fungi, which were: Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Microsporium audouinii, Penicillium sp, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichoderma sp and Trichosporon cutaneum with respect to the type of plant extract. The aqueous extracts of Mallotus oppositifolius had the highest zone of inhibition of 24.75 +/- 0.86 mm on Penicillium sp. The fulcin antibiotic had zone of inhibition of 11.94 +/- 0.43 mm on Microsporium audouinii, being its highest inhibition on any of the fungi tested. Preliminary phytochemical studies of F elastica and M oppositifolius extracts revealed that they contain anthocyanins, butacyanin, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. Phytobutanin was absent in the extracts. Heavy metal analysis of plant materials showed absence of cadmium, zinc, lead, chromium and nickel, while the presence of copper iron and manganese was less than 0.95.
Las propiedades antifúngicas de los extractos acuosos y etanólicos de Funtumia elastica y Mallotus oppositifolius fueron probadas mediante ensayo de difusión con discos en agar. Los extractos crudos mostraron poseer una actividad antifúngica definitivamente significativa sobre la mayoría de los hongos. La zona de inhibición varió en correspondencia con los hongos, a saber, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Microsporium audouinii, Penicillium sp, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichoderma sp y Trichosporon cutaneum, con respecto al tipo de extracto de planta. Los extractos acuosos de Mallotus oppositifolius presentaron la zona de inhibición más alta, a saber, 24.75 ± 0.86 mm, al aplicarse sobre Penicillium sp. El antibiótico fulcin presentó una zona de inhibición de 11.94 ± 0.43 mm al aplicarse sobre Microsporium audouinii, resultando ser ésta la inhibición más alta en relación con todos los hongos sometidos a prueba. Los estudios fitoquímicos de los extractos de F elastica y M oppositifolius revelaron contenidos de antocianinas, butacianinas, flavonoides, esteroides, y taninas. La fitobutanina estuvo ausente en todos los extractos. El análisis de metales pesados en las muestras de plantas mostró ausencia de cadmio, zinc, plomo, cromo y níquel, en tanto que la presencia de cobre, hierro y manganeso estuvo por debajo de 0.95%.