ABSTRACT
Introducción: el mamey amarillo (Mammea americana L.) se utiliza ampliamente en la curación de diversos tipos de enfermedades producidas por parásitos e insectos. Objetivo: realizar el tamizaje fitoquímico y determinar la actividad antibacteriana de los extractos secos de la tintura al 20 por ciento de las hojas y corteza del fuste de esta planta. Métodos: se recolectaron hojas y corteza del fuste de la planta objeto de estudio, que fueron lavadas, desinfectadas, secadas y pulverizadas. Luego se procedió a la elaboración de las tinturas al 20 por ciento por el método de maceración de la droga. Los extractos secos de las partes estudiadas de la planta se obtuvieron a partir de las tinturas al 20 por ciento y se emplearon para los ensayos del tamizaje fitoquímico y la evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana. Resultados: se comprobó la existencia de una alta diversidad de metabolitos secundarios, con predominio de los alcaloides, coumarinas, fenoles o taninos, quinonas y flavonoides. Los extractos secos mostraron actividad antibacteriana in vitro frente a la cepa de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29737). Conclusiones: se destacan, por su significativa presencia, flavonoides, alcaloides, taninos y cumarinas, los cuales resultan de interés biológico y farmacológico por sus posibles aplicaciones terapéuticas
Introduction: the yellow mammee (Mammea americana L.) is widely used to cure different diseases caused by parasites and insects. Objective: to perform a phytochemical screening and to determine antibacterial activity of dry extracts of 20 percent tincture from the leaves and the bark of this plant. Methods: the leaves and stem bark of the plant were harvested, washed, disinfected, dried and crushed. Then it proceeded to the preparation of 20 percent tinctures through drug maceration. The dried extracts of the studied parts were obtained from the 20 percent tinctures and used to evaluate the phytochemical screening tests and the antibacterial activity. Results: the existence of a high diversity of secondary metabolites, predominantly alkaloids, coumarins, phenols and / or tannins, quinones, and flavonoids were confirmed. The dried extracts showed antibacterial activity in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29737). Conclusions: flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and coumarins, which are of biological and pharmacological interest for their potential therapeutic applications, were significantly present in these extracts
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Mammea , Plant Extracts , Straining of LiquidsABSTRACT
O conhecimento das espécies de plantas utilizadas pelas abelhas sem ferrão é primordial para a manutenção das mesmas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a coleta de látex em Mammea americana (Clusiaceae) e os padrões de abundância dos visitantes. O estudo foi conduzido no Bosque da Ciência, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, em Manaus-AM. A comunidade de abelhas foi representada por Trigona williana e T. recursa. A espécie presente em maior abundância foi T. recursa (89,4%). Estas abelhas coletam o látex para proteger o ninho contra possíveis inquilinos e predadores, devido a sua ação antimicrobiana.
The knowledge regarding the plant species used by the stingless bees for their survival is a fundamental factor for their maintenance. The objective of this study is to observe collecting latex in Mammea americana tree (Clusiaceae) and abundance patterns of visitors. The study was carried out in the Bosque da Ciência, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus-AM. The bee communities were represented by Trigona williana and Trigona recursa. The latter presented the highest abundance (89.4%). These bees probably collect this substance in order to protect their nest against other possible tenants and predators, since it acts as an antimicrobial agent.
Subject(s)
Animals , Amazonian Ecosystem , Bees , Brazil , Latex , Latex/chemistry , Latex/toxicity , MammeaABSTRACT
Calophyllum brasiliense and Mammea americana (Clusiaceae) are two trees from the tropical rain forests of the American continent. A previous screening showed high trypanocidal activity in the extracts of these species. Several mammea-type coumarins, triterpenoids and biflavonoids were isolated from the leaves of C. brasiliense. Mammea A/AA was obtained from the fruit peels of M. americana. These compounds were tested in vitro against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. The most potent compounds were mammea A/BA, A/BB, A/AA, A/BD and B/BA, with MC100 values in the range of 15 to 90 g/ml. Coumarins with a cyclized ,-dimethylallyl substituent on C-6, such as mammea B/BA, cyclo F + B/BB cyclo F, and isomammeigin, showed MC100 values > 200 g/ml. Several active coumarins were also tested against normal human lymphocytes in vitro, which showed that mammea A/AA and A/BA were not toxic. Other compounds from C. brasiliense, such as the triterpenoids, friedelin, canophyllol, the biflavonoid amentoflavone, and protocatechuic and shikimic acids, were inactive against the epimastigotes. The isopropylidenedioxy derivative of shikimic acid was inactive, and its structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Our results suggest that mammea-type coumarins could be a valuable source of trypanocidal compounds.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Humans , Male , Biflavonoids/pharmacology , Coumarins/pharmacology , Mammea/chemistry , Triterpenes/pharmacology , Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Biflavonoids/chemistry , Biflavonoids/isolation & purification , Coumarins/chemistry , Coumarins/isolation & purification , Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Triterpenes/chemistry , Triterpenes/isolation & purification , Trypanocidal Agents/chemistry , Trypanocidal Agents/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
The present work was done to study the effect of fenugreek seeds on the structure of the pars distalis, ovary and mammary gland of lactating rabbit. A total number of 24 lactating rabbits was used. The animals were divided into two groups. One served as a control lactating group [8 rabbits] and the other group was lactating rabbits treated with the seeds [16 rabbits]. The control and treated rabbits were sacrificed after two weeks and four weeks. Specimens of the pituitary gland were prepared for electron microscopy [E/M]. Mammary gland was prepared for light and electron microscopy while the ovary was prepared for light microscopy. Another specimens of the pituitary, mammary glands and ovary were prepared and processed for immunohistochemical application of mouse monocolonal prolactin [PRL] receptor antibody to detect the prolactin receptors in these tissues. This study cleared that, there was apparent increase in the number, size and signs of activity of mammotrophs. The mammary gland showed an increase in the activity of the alveolar cells and in the amount of milk secretion. As regard the ovary, there was an apparent increase in the number of primary follicles. There was progressive increase in the amount of atretic follicles. Corpus luteum showed progressive decrease in size and degeneration. The number of healthy growing follicle was reduced. The immunohistochemical study demonstrated a progressive increase in the number and size of mammotrophs that showing positive reaction for PRL receptor antibody. The mammary gland showed positive reaction in the alveolar cells and in the stroma cells. The ovary showed strong positive reaction for PRL receptor antibody. It becomes obvious that the treatment with fenugreek seeds leads to stimulation of the mammotrophs and mammary gland. At the same time it causes suppression of the ovary. In conclusion, the use of fenugreek seeds has a double advantageous effects as its ingestion by lactating females increases the milk production and in the mean time it suppresses the ovary which may decrease the possibility of pregnancy during lactation. So, we recommend the use of fenugreek seeds instead of the hormones or chemical drugs for more milk production and as a partial ovulation inhibitor