Protective effect of olive oil against Teratogenecity induced by Mancozeb in albino rats

Aim: this study aimed to investigate the protective effect of extra-virgin olive oil [EVOO] against teratogenicity of the fungicide mancozeb

Methods: after pregnancy confirmation, 32 pregnant rats were divided into 4-groups [n=8]. The 1[st] group orally administered tap water [-ve control], the 2[nd] group [+ve control] was administered EVOO [0.5ml/dam] from the1[st] to 20[th] day of pregnancy. The 3rd and the 4[th] groups were administered 200 mg/kg mancozeb during the period of organogenesis, from the 6[th] to 15[th] day of pregnancy. The 4[th] group received the mentioned dose of EVOO prior to the pesticide administration. Cesarean section was performed on day 20 of pregnancy and the maternal and fetal parameters were recorded

Results: mancozeb induced maternal toxicity manifested as lower body weight gain of dams, increased number of late resorption sites/litter in comparison with the control group and mancozeb group pretreated with EVOO. Mancozeb evoked a decrease in fetal body weight, altered sex ratio [M/F] as well as increased incidence of fetal external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities. Treatment with virgin oil reduced the congenital malformations

Conclusively, the present study elucidates the protective role of EVOO as a result of antioxidant activity which scavenges the reactive oxygen species which induced cytotoxicity and increased prenatal mortalities.

Effects of co-exposure to paraquat and maneb on system of substantial nigra and striatum in rats / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of exposure of paraquat and maneb on the behavior, the morphology and electrical activity of the Substantia nigra and striatum, and to discuss the relationship between this two pesticides and Parkinson's disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>37 rats were divided randomly into 3 groups: control group (n = 11), paraquat (10 mg/kg) group (n = 13) and combinative group of paraquat (10 mg/kg) and maneb (30 mg/kg) (n = 13), and were exposed twice a week for 6 weeks by intraperitoneal injection. The behavior of animals in the declined-plane, the vertical-grid and the open-field test were observed. The morphology of substantia nigral neurons were investigated by HE pathology. The spontaneous discharge of striatum neurons were recorded after exposure.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared to the control group and the pre-exposure group, both the numbers of animals sliding down from the declined-plane and the latency of rats' moving on the vertical-grid significantly increased, and the animals' autonomic movement decreased significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.001). After the combinative exposure, the neurons of the Substantial nigra pars compacta (SNPc) were progressively impaired, the cell density of the paraquat group [(82.17 ± 12.91) n/mm(2)] and the combined group [(41.15 ± 6.44) n/mm(2)] were lower than that in control group (143.10 ± 20.85 n/mm(2)] (P < 0.01). In the paraquat group (5.97 ± 7.30 Hz) and the combined group [(6.95 ± 9.87) Hz], the average discharge rates of the striatum neurons were increased significantly compared to the control group [(1.78 ± 5.05) Hz] (P < 0.01). The bursting discharge was increased significantly in the combined group (22.3%) compared to the control group (9.8%) and the paraquat group (5.6%) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The co-exposure of paraquat and maneb could induce similar symptoms to Parkinsonism syndrome of rats such as rigidity, moving reduction and etc, and the combined exposure had a certain enhanced effect compared to alone paraquat exposure. The combinative exposure of paraquat and maneb could cause neural loss in SNPc and it is involved with the enhanced electrophysiological activity in striatum. The synergy toxicity of paraquat and maneb in nigrostriatal system is related to Parkinson's disease.</p>

Identification of the Fungal Pathogen that Causes Strawberry Anthracnose in Bangladesh and Evaluation of In Vitro Fungicide Activity

This study was conducted to identify the Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose disease of strawberry in Balgladesh and to evaluate in vitro activity of commercial fungicides it. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics, all 22 isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. They developed white or glittery colonies with grey to dark grey reverse colony colors and they produced cylindrical conidia. The efficacy of five commercial fungicides, Bavistin DF, Dithane M-45, Sulcox 50 WP, Corzim 50 WP and Rovral 50 WP, were tested against the fungus. Bavistin inhibited radial growth completely and was followed in efficacy by Dithane M-45. In Bavistin DF treated media, the fungus did not produce conidia. The percent inhibition of radial growth of the fungus was increased with the increasing concentrations of fungicide.

Inhibitory Effect of Algal Extracts on Mycelial Growth of the Tomato-Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

The present study was undertaken to explore the inhibitory effect of cyanobacterial extracts of Nostoc commune FA-103 against the tomato-wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In an optimal medium, cell growth, antifungal activity, and antifungal compound production could be increased 2.7-fold, 4.1-fold, and 13.4-fold, respectively. A crude algal extract had a similar effect as mancozeb at the recommended dose, both in laboratory and pot tests. In vitro and in vivo fungal growth, spore sporulation and fungal infection of wilt pathogen in tomato seeds were significantly inhibited by cyanobacterial extracts. Nostoc commune FA-103 extracts have potential for the suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

protective effect of Zn-metallothionein [Zn-Mt] on the toxicity of diazinon, mancozeb and their mixture on rats

The joint action of pesticides that have similar chemical structures and mode of toxic action can be predicted. However, this approach and other modeling techniques often provide little insight into the observed toxicity produced by mixtures of pesticides from different classes. The present study shows significant decrease in body weight gain after all exposure periods to diazinon and its mixture with mancozeb. In case of Mancozeb, the percentage body weight gain decreased significantly only after 42 days intake in drinking water. The injection of Zn-MT lead to recover of body weight gain especially in the case of the exposure to diazinon and mancozeb, separately. In case of mixture exposure, Zn-MT treatment reduced the effect until 28 days but the decreasing in body weight gain was still significant [p < 0.05] under the long term exposure until the end of the experiment period. Also a decrease in the activity of plasma cholinesterase after 30 days exposure to mancozeb and its mixture with diazinon was observed and was highly significant [p < 0.01] after 90 days of exposure to diazinon, mancozeb and their mixture. Zn-MT played a role to recover the cholinesterase activity completely in diazinon-treated animals and significantly [p < 0.05] in both mancozeb and the mixture. Alkaline phosphatase was significantly inhibited in plasma after 30 and 90 days in all treatments [p < 0.01] and the injection of Zn-MT leads to a decrease in the injury. The same trend was found in the case of the alkaline phosphatase activity in the liver. The kidney's alkaline posphatase was more tolerant against the effect of both diazinon, mancozeb and their mixture

Testing of seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seed and disinfection effect of several fungicides on seed-borne fungi / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the dominant seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seeds which were from different producing area and compare the disinfection effect of several fungicides on seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seed.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Petri-dish testing was used to determine the external and internal seed-borne fungi and the disinfection effect of fungicides.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>The result showed that the amount of spore on the surface of one Glycyrrihiza seed varied from 0.3% to 37.0% among samples. Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were the two major dominant fungi and there was few differences in the type of the fungi among producing areas but differences in the isolation frequency of the furgi; Penicillium spp. , Rhizopus spp. , Aspergillus spp. and Alternaria spp. were the internally dominant seed-borne fungi, including seed capsule and the internal tissue of seed and their fungi-carrying percentage was 8.0%-48.3% and 3.5%-42.0% respectively. There were differences in fungi percentage and dominant seed borne fungi among different producing areas. The disinfection effect of both mancozeb and thriam was up to 89.0%, so it is suggested to use them to disinfect Glycyrrihiza seed.</p>

[Investigation and measurement of pesticidal residues; benomil and mancazeb in cucumber produced in Mazandaran]

Considering the importance and usefulness of fruits in people's daily diet as they play an important role in determining public health and also considering the significance of pesticide residues in foods and fruits, measurement of which has been repeatedly reiterated by WHO and FAO, this research was done. Irregular use of pesticides by farmers knowingly or unknowingly without observing its caress period has led to the contact of these pesticides with humans through foods and fruits and in the long run, they will surely cause chronic complications. In this study, after collecting cucumbers form 76 sample regions, we rinsed them carefully, sliced them thinly and mashed them up. Then, we extracted them three times with n butyl acetate. Later, we evaporated the solvent. At the end, we measured the residue by chromatographic gas [GC] and detector [ECD]. The results obtained were analyzed with the help of two-way ANOVA. It indicated that there is a correlation between the investigated regions and the residual amount [P>0.05]. Calculation of the mean ratings showed that the levels of these two pesticides are higher than the acceptable level in most of the regions. [0.01]

Efeito tóxico dos praguicidas maneb e paraquat sobre a atividade da enzima antioxidante catalase em ratos / Toxic effect of pesticides maneb and paraquat on catalase antioxidant enzyme activity in rats

Os radicais livres estão envolvidos em um grande número de enfermidades do ser humano.O cérebro tem níveis baixos de enzimas antioxidantes e um conteúdo lípidico elevado, tornando-se muito susceptível ao ataque de espécies reativas de oxigênio.Neste trabalho avaliou-se a lipoperoxidação em hipocampo e a atividade da enzima catalase em estriado e hipocampo de ratos tratados com o fungicida maneb (30 mg/kg) e o herbicida paraquat (10 mg/kg).Não houve alteração na lipoperoxidação nem na atividade enzimática no hipocampo dos animais tratados com ambos os praguicidas, porém foi observada uma inibição da catalase no estriado dos ratos tratados com maneb e com paraquat.Com estes resultados pode-se sugerir, de forma preliminar, uma ação tóxica maior sobre centros dopaminérgicos.Estudos sobre a toxicidade destes compostos são essenciais na compreensão do papel destes praguicidas e dos radicais livres na etiologia das doenças

Persistence and degradation of metalaxyl, mancozeb fungicides and its metabolite ethylenethiourea in soils.

The degradation pattern of metalaxyl, mancozeb and its metabolite ethylenethiourea (ETU) residues indicated a close correspondence to first order exponential degradation kinetics in soils. Degradation of fungicides in soils was predominantly biological as well as chemical in nature. Slower degradation ofmetalaxyl was noticed in the soils and their half-life values were higher than mancozeb and ETU as evident by wide range of half-life values from 41.24 to 165.11 days. In case of metalaxyl, Hiriyur soil was found to be superior in degrading the metalaxyl. Lower persistence of mancozeb and ETU was observed in soils resulting in rapid rate of degradation at smaller half-life values as compared to metalaxyl indicating the faster degradation of mancozeb and ETU. In mancozeb applied soils, the ETU formation was increased up to 30 days of incubation and thereafter it declined. Amongsoils, degradation of either mancozeb or ETU is not influenced by soil types. However, mancozeb persistence was higher in Hiriyur soils than Chettalli and Bangalore soils.

Assessment of toxicological effects of mancozeb in male rats after chronic exposure.

Mancozeb, an ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicide was administered orally to male rats at doses 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg/day for 90, 180 and 360 days produced dose dependent signs of poisoning, loss in body weight gain and mortality. However the signs of toxicity and mortality were more pronounced initially at 0-90 days as compared to 90-360 days of treatment period. A significant increase in the relative weight of liver and slight decrease in the kidney weight were observed in animals exposed to mancozeb (1000 and 1500 mg/kg/day) for 180 and 360 days associated with pathomorphological changes in liver, brain and kidney. Mancozeb has produced significant enzymatic changes in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) throughout the period of study in a dose dependent manner. The alterations in the activity of enzymes associated with pathomorphological changes suggest that the chronic exposure of mancozeb produced significant toxicological effects in rats.

Fungitoxic action of dithanes in presence of surfactant micelles.

A rationale of arriving at the concentration of surfactant additives in the pesticidal formulations has been discovered. Fungitoxic activity of each of the two dithanes, Dithane M-45 (maneb) and Dithane Z-78 (zineb) has been estimated in the presence of various concentrations of three surfactants namely sodium lauryl sulphate, cetyl pyridinium chloride and Tween 80. Data reveal that the concentration of the surfactant additives in the pesticidal formulations should be at least equal to its critical micelle concentration (CMC) for enhanced biological activity. This rationale for the concentration of surfactant additives in the pesticidal formulation has so far not been clearly brought out in the literature. Since biological activity of the pesticides is enhanced in the presence of surfactant additives the present study is relevant to the reduction of environmental pollution due to pesticide residues.

Influence of mancozeb on mitogenically responsive lipids in rat cerebrum and liver.

Mancozeb, a commonly used fungicide, has been shown to induce tumours in mouse skin and maneb, unit constituent of mancozeb, is reported to induce tumours in rats. The mechanism by which mancozeb induced tumorigenicity is not known. Since the levels of inositol phospholipids and phosphatidic acid have roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, the effects of mancozeb on the levels of these lipids were studied in rats. Daily oral administration of commercial grade mancozeb at a concentration of 50 mg/kg body wt for 30 days (5 days a week) caused no significant change in the levels of inositol phospholipids and phosphatidic acid (PA) in both cerebrum and liver, while at high concentration (250 mg/kg body wt) under the same treatment schedule mancozeb increased the levels of these lipids. In cerebrum, the levels of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and PA were increased by 36 and 43% respectively without affecting the levels of polyphosphoinositides, whereas in liver the levels of not only PI (50%) and PA (49%) but also those of polyphosphoinositides were increased. These results show that mancozeb influences the levels of PA and inositol phospholipids, involved in phospholipase C-pathway of signalling.

Determinación del fungicida maneb y su metabolito etilentiourea en plantas de tomates / Determination of the maneb fungicide and its metabolite ethylenetiourea in tomatoes plants

Con el propósito de determinar el destino y los niveles de los residuos del etinilbisditiocarbamato de manganeso Maneb y sus metabolitos, se fumigaron plantas de tomate, siguiendo las condiciones de prácticas locales con Maneb 80 porciento, ingrediente activo, polvo mojable comercial mezclado con (14C) Maneb. Las aplicaciones se realizaron en intérvalos de 10-12 días por varias semanas. Las muestras se recogieron, a diferentes intervalos, 10 días despúes del último tratamiento y se analizaron separadamente hojas, tallos y frutos a través de técnicas de cromatografía de capa fina, autoradiografía y cuantificadas por centelleo líquido obteniéndose bajos niveles de y Maneb, que no son perjudiciales para la salud del individuo

Etude de l'influence des pesticides carbamines sur l'induction des enzyes hepatiques du rat et sur les modifications des phospholipides microsomaux. / Effect of carbamate pesticides on the induction of hepatic enzymes of rats and on the microsomal phospholipid changes

Se estudio la influencia de dos pesticidas carbaminados: El Manebe y el Carbaryl sobre las enzimas de los microsomas hepaticos que son inducibles en la rata. Se encontro que las dos substancias ensayadas por si mismas tienen efectos de poca importancia en el peso del higado y en el tenor de citocromo P 450 y de bilirubina glucuronosil transferasa de la fraccion microsomal del homogeneizado hepatico. Parece ser, sin embargo, que el Carbaryl provoca una pequena induccion mientras que el Manebe produce un efecto inverso. Por otra parte, el Manebe modifica muy sensiblemente los efectos inductores del fenobarbital al asociarse a este ultimo. Asi, en el animal tratado simultaneamente con Manebe y fenobarbital, el incremento del tenor de citocromo P 450 hepatico, asi como las variaciones de la reparticion de los acidos grasos en los fosfolipidos son netamente de menor importancia que en los animales tratados unicamente con el fenobarbital