Consumo de sustancias: caracterización de pacientes pertenecientes a la unidad de salud mental adultos- Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena / Substance use: characterization of patients belonging to the adult mental health unit - Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital

Introducción: las sustancias psicoactivas han formado parte de la existencia humana por miles de años, han sido empleadas con distintos fines, consolidando su uso y abuso durante los últimos años como una condición altamente prevalente en la sociedad. Actualmente, existen gran cantidad de sustancias y, así mismo, diversas formas de clasificación. En términos de prevalencia mundial hasta el momento no hay un estándar de oro que permita medir de manera exacta el consumo según cada región geográfica, lo que dificulta el estudio y constituye un desafío al momento de realizar comparaciones entre regiones. No obstante, en términos de prevalencia mundial, la sustancia más consumida es el alcohol, seguida por cannabis, opioides, anfetaminas y cocaína respectivamente. Objetivo: caracterizar pacientes adultos del policlínico de salud mental del Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena con diagnóstico relacionado al consumo de sustancias y establecer las principales sustancias consumidas. Materiales y Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la población objetivo mediante revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes adultos atendidos en policlínico de salud mental del Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena, durante los años 2018, 2019, 2020. Los antecedentes recolectados del estudio se analizaron según la población general y se compararon según género. Resultados: en la muestra estudiada, 73.2% de los consumidores son de sexo masculino, siendo el alcohol la sustancia de mayor consumo, seguida por cocaína, marihuana y benzodiacepinas.

Introduction: psychoactive substances have been part of the existence of humanity for thousands of years and have been used for different purposes, consolidating its use and abuse in recent years as a highly prevalent condition in our society. They are a large number of substances, and also various forms of classification. In terms of world prevalence, to date, there is no gold standard method that allows the exact measurement of substance consumption to each geographical region, which makes the study difficult and constitutes a challenge when making comparisons between regions. However, in terms of world prevalence, the most consumed substance is alcohol, followed by cannabis, opioids, amphetamines, and cocaine respectively. Objective: characterize adult patients of the mental health polyclinic of the Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital with a diagnosis related to substance use and establish the main substances consumed. Material and Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the target population by reviewing the clinical records of adult patients treated at the mental health polyclinic of the Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital, during the years 2018, 2019, and 2020. The antecedents collected from the study were analyzed according to the general population and compared according to gender. Results: In the sample studied, 73.2% of the users are male, alcohol being the substance most consumed, followed by cocaine, marijuana, and benzodiazepines

Road traffic injuries and substance use among emergency department patients in the Dominican Republic and Peru / Traumatismos causados por el tránsito y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en pacientes del departamento de urgencias en Perú y República Dominicana / Lesões por acidentes de trânsito e uso de substâncias químicas em pacientes que deram entrada no setor de emergência na República Dominicana e Peru

ABSTRACT Objective. To report demographic and substance use characteristics and risk of road traffic injury (RTI) from alcohol use, cannabis use, and combined use in a sample of emergency department patients from two countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods. A cross-sectional study in which patients 18 years and older admitted within six hours of suffering an RTI to one emergency department in Santa Domingo, Dominican Republic (n = 501) and in Lima, Peru (n = 431) were interviewed. Case-crossover analysis, based on self-reported use prior to the RTI, was used to analyze risk from alcohol, cannabis, and co-use. Results. Overall, 15.3% reported alcohol use prior to the event and 2.5% cannabis use. Drivers using alcohol only were over twice as likely to have an RTI (OR = 2.46, p < 0.001), and nearly eight times more likely if using both alcohol and cannabis (OR = 6.89, p < 0.01), but risk was not elevated for cannabis alone. Significant differences were not found for passengers or pedestrians. Conclusions. Risk of RTI for drivers in these two samples is significantly elevated from alcohol use, and more so for co-use with cannabis. Differences between the two countries underscore the need for similar data from the region to determine risk of RTI from substance use, including risk for passengers and pedestrians. Data suggest that alcohol contributes significantly to the burden of RTI, which calls for more stringent enforcement of alcohol control policy related to drink driving in the region.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Presentar las características demográficas y de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y el riesgo de traumatismos causados por el tránsito debidos al consumo de alcohol, cannabis y su consumo combinado en una muestra de pacientes del departamento de urgencias de dos países de América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en que se entrevistaron pacientes de 18 años o más ingresados en las siguientes seis horas de haber recibido traumatismos causados por el tránsito en un departamento de urgencias en Lima (Perú) (n = 431) y en Santo Domingo (República Dominicana) (n = 501). Se empleó el análisis de cruce de casos, basado en el consumo autoinformado con anterioridad a los traumatismos causados por el tránsito, para evaluar el riesgo por consumo de alcohol, cannabis y consumo combinado. Resultados. En términos generales, 15,3% notificó consumo de alcohol con anterioridad al evento y 2,5%, consumo de cannabis. Los conductores que consumieron alcohol únicamente tuvieron más del doble de probabilidades de sufrir traumatismos causados por el tránsito (OR = 2,46, p < 0,001) y casi ocho veces más probabilidades si consumieron tanto alcohol como cannabis (OR = 6,89, p < 0,01), si bien el riesgo no fue tan elevado para el consumo único de cannabis. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en pasajeros o peatones. Conclusiones. El riesgo de sufrir traumatismos causados por el tránsito para los conductores en estas dos muestras es significativamente más elevado por el consumo de alcohol y más aún por el consumo combinado con cannabis. Las diferencias entre ambos países ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de obtener datos similares sobre la región para determinar el riesgo de sufrir traumatismos causados por el tránsito debidos al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, así como el riesgo para pasajeros y peatones. Los datos indican que el alcohol agrava significativamente la carga de los traumatismos causados por el tránsito, lo que exige un cumplimiento más estricto de las políticas de control del alcohol relacionadas con la conducción bajo los efectos del alcohol en la región.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever as características demográficas e uso de substâncias químicas e o risco de lesões por acidentes de trânsito associados ao consumo de álcool, uso de cannabis (maconha) e uso combinado de álcool e cannabis em uma amostra de pacientes que deram entrada no setor de emergência em dois países da América Latina e no Caribe. Métodos. Estudo transversal em que foram entrevistados pacientes maiores de 18 anos que deram entrada no setor de emergência no espaço de seis horas após sofrerem lesões por acidentes de trânsito em Santo Domingo, na República Dominicana (n = 501), e em Lima, Peru (n = 431). Foi realizada uma análise cruzada de casos com dados obtidos do autorrelato do uso de substâncias químicas anterior ao acidente de trânsito para avaliar o risco associado ao consumo de álcool, uso de cannabis e uso combinado. Resultados. Dos pacientes entrevistados, 15,3% relataram consumo de álcool e 2,5% referiram uso de cannabis antes do acidente. Os condutores que fizeram uso de álcool tiveram uma chance duas vezes maior de ter lesões por acidente de trânsito (OR = 2,46, p < 0,001) e uma chance de cerca de oito vezes maior com o uso combinado de álcool e cannabis (OR = 6,89, p < 0,01). Porém, o risco não foi elevado com o uso somente de cannabis. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no risco para passageiros ou pedestres. Conclusões. Verificou-se que o risco de lesões por acidentes de trânsito para os condutores nas duas amostras estudadas foi significativamente elevado com o consumo de álcool e foi ainda maior com o uso combinado de álcool e cannabis. As diferenças entre os dois países reforçam a necessidade de dados semelhantes da Região para determinar o risco de lesões por acidentes de trânsito com o uso de substâncias químicas, inclusive para determinar o risco para passageiros e pedestres. Os dados indicam que o álcool contribui significativamente à carga de lesões por acidentes de trânsito requerendo o cumprimento mais rigoroso da política de controle do consumo de álcool associado à condução de veículos na Região.

Marijuana use associated with worse verbal learning and delayed recall in a sample of young adults / El consumo de marihuana se asocia a una menor capacidad de aprendizaje verbal y memoria tardía en adultos jóvenes

ABSTRACT Background: There is concern about the cognitive consequences of marijuana consumption. Aim: To assess the influence of current and past marijuana use and frequency on verbal learning and memory in a sample of adults aged 21 years old. Material and Methods: Marijuana use was assessed using a clinician administered interview in 654 participants (56% females), who reported frequency of use, age of first use and whether its use led to problems in their lives. The CogState International Shopping List was administered to assess learning and memory. Results: Seventy percent reported ever using marijuana, 46% consuming during the past year and 27% during the past 30 days. The latter scored significantly lower on delayed recall. Current and frequent use were significantly associated with lower accuracy in verbal learning and memory. Conclusions: In this cohort of adults aged 21 years old, marijuana use was prevalent and related to worse verbal memory.

Antecedentes: Existe preocupación acerca de los efectos cognitivos del consumo de marihuana. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto de consumo de marihuana presente o pasado en la capacidad de aprendizaje verbal y memoria en una muestra de adultos de 21 años. Material y Métodos: El consumo de marihuana fue evaluado mediante una entrevista médica en 654 adultos de 21 años (56% mujeres), quienes informaron acerca de la frecuencia de consumo, edad de comienzo y si el consumo les ha causado problemas en sus vidas. Se les administró el Cogstate International Shopping List para evaluar aprendizaje y memoria. Resultados: El 70% informó haber consumido marihuana alguna vez, 46% la usó durante el último año y el 27% en los últimos 30 días. Estos últimos tuvieron un menor puntaje en memoria tardía. El consumo actual y frecuente se asoció a una menor precisión en la capacidad de aprendizaje verbal y memoria. Conclusiones: En esta cohorte de adultos de 21 años, el consumo de marihuana fue prevalente y relacionado a una menor memoria verbal.

Prevalencia de vida y factores asociados al consumo de marihuana en estudiantes escolarizados de Pamplona-Colombia, durante el primer período de 2015: estudio Emtamplona / Marijuana consumption among Colombian adolescents

Background: Marijuana consumption is a public health problem. Aim: To determine the life time prevalence of marijuana use among Colombian adolescents and the factors associated with its consumption. Material and Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a study aimed to determine the prevalence of smoking. A self-administered and anonymous questionnaire was answered by 814 adolescents aged 14 ± 2 years (439 women). Results: Ten percent of respondents consumed marijuana at least once in their life. A logistic regression analysis showed that professing a non-christian religion, being smoker and having an age over 12 years, was associated with marijuana consumption. Conclusions: There is a high frequency of marijuana use among these adolescents.

Uso de sustancias psicoactivas y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes escolarizados / Psychoactive substances use and health-related quality of life among school age adolescents

Background The use of psychoactive substances among adolescents is a major social and public health concern. Aim To analyze association of substance abuse and multiple drug use with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents attending a high school in Valparaiso, Chile. Material and Methods Analytical cross-sectional study conducted in a sample of adolescents attending high school. HRQOL was assessed using KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire and substance use was measured using the Global school-based student health survey. Participants had to complete online, self-administered, anonymous questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate Odd ratios. Results A total of 550 adolescents aged 16 ± 1 years old completed the questionnaires. Thirty nine percent consumed alcohol during the last month, 31% smoked, 33% used marijuana and 33% admitted the use of multiple drugs. High-risk alcohol consumption was associated with a lower perception of psychological well-being, self-perception and school environment. This last dimension was affected in those who admitted marijuana use during the last month. Multiple drug use (three substances) was associated with a lower perception of physical and psychological well-being, self-perception, relationship with parents, family life and school environment. Conclusions High-risk alcohol consumption and multiple drug use (three substances) have a negative impact on the HRQOL of school age adolescents.

Oral health assessment for users of marijuana and cocaine/crack substances

Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the oral health status of users of illicit drugs such as marijuana and cocaine/crack and compare it with individuals not using these chemical substances. Questionnaires were applied to 35 illicit drugs users to gather information on demographic status, general health, and use of drugs. Then, a clinical assessment of the oral health condition was performed to collect data on decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, salivary flow rate (SFR), and mucosal lesions. The control group was composed of 35 non-illicit drug users. In the experimental group, 91.43% were males, 80% were smokers, and 42.85% were alcoholics. Cocaine was the most common drug used (77.15%), followed by marijuana (68.6%), and crack (51.4%). The average DMFT index was 9.8 and the SFR was reduced in 60% of subjects. Mucosal alterations were detected, but no potentially malignant disorders or oral cancer were diagnosed. Compared to control group, significantly higher values for gender (40%, p = 0.0001), smoking (22.86%) and heavy drinking (5.7%) habits (p = 0.0001), SFR (31.4%; p = 0.0308), and oral lesions (p = 0.0488) were found for the experimental group, although significantly higher values were found in the control group for DMFT index (p = 0.0148). It can be concluded that the use of illicit drugs contributed to an increased prevalence of oral mucosa lesions. In addition, a decline on SFR and a reduced DMFT index was observed for illicit drug users.

Prevalencia puntual de consumo de sustancias en individuos que cometen suicidio por asfixia secundario a ahorcamiento en Santiago, 2014-2015 / Point prevalence of consumption of substances in individuals who commit suicide for asphyxia by hanging in Santiago, 2014-2015

Introducción: El trastorno por consumo de sustancias se ha asociado a suicidio, el que constituye la segunda causa de muerte en individuos entre 15 y 29 años. Dentro de los mecanismos más comunes de suicidio, se encuentra la asfixia por ahorcamiento. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia puntual de consumo de sustancias en individuos que ingresaron al Servicio Médico Legal (SML) de Avenida La Paz #1.012, Independencia, Santiago de Chile por suicidio secundario a asfixia por ahorcamiento durante 2014-2015. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en individuos que ingresaron al SML entre los años 2014-2015, cuya causa de muerte correspondiera a suicidio por asfixia por ahorcamiento y que tuvieran registros de: sexo, edad, alcoholemia y examen toxicológico. Se utilizó una plantilla Excel® 2011, determinándose estadística descriptiva y análisis porcentual. Resultados: Durante los años 2014-2015, ingresaron 8.321 individuos al SML, de los cuales se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 1.218 individuos. De dicha muestra, un 11,58% correspondió a muertes secundarias a asfixia por ahorcamiento. De éstos un 74,47% eran varones. El rango etario más frecuente correspondió a los 40-49 años. Un 49,65 % tenía alcoholemia positiva en sangre y un 58,87 % examen toxicológico positivo, siendo lo más frecuente la asociación de dos o más sustancias al momento del suicidio (39,72 %). Discusión: Se observan resultados similares en relación a edad, sexo en comparación a estudios similares, no así cuando se comparan las sustancias consumidas, donde hubo mayor prevalencia de cocaína. La prevalencia de consumo de sustancias en casos de suicidios consumados es de un 58,86%.

Introduction: The disorder for consumption of substances has been associated to suicide, this constitute the second cause of death in individuals between 15 and 29 years old. Among the most common mechanisms of suicide we found asphyxia by hanging. Objective: Determine the point prevalence in the consume of substances of individuals that were admitted in the Medical Legal Service (MLS) of Avenida La Paz #1.012, Independencia, Santiago de Chile, for secondary suicide asphyxia by hanging during 2014-2015. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in individuals admitted in MLS between 2014-2015, whose cause of death corresponded to suicide due asphyxia by hanging wich had registers of: sex, age, blood alcohol test and toxicological exam. A 2011 Excel® template was used, determining descriptive statistics and percentage analysis. Results: During the years 2014-2015, 8.321 were admitted in MLS, of which 1.218 were randomly selected. Of this sample, 11.58 % corresponded to secondary death to asphyxia by hanging. Of these, 74.47 % were male. The most frequent age range corresponds to 40-49 years. 46.65 % hadethanol in blood and 58.87 % positive toxicological test, being the most frequent the association of two or more substances at the moment of the suicide (39.72 %). Discussion: Similar results are observed in relation to age, sex compared to similar studies, but not when comparing substances consumed, where there was a higher prevalence of cocaine. The prevalence of substances consumed in cases of completed suicides is 58.86%.

The prevalence of inhalant use and associated factors among adolescents in Belo Horizonte, Brazil / Prevalência do uso de inalantes e fatores associados em adolescentes de Belo Horizonte, Brasil

The scope of this study was to establish the prevalence of inhalant use among adolescents and its association with marijuana use, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status and gender. A cross-sectional study was performed with a representative sample of 891 adolescents from public and private schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data were collected using two self-administered questionnaires: the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT C). The socioeconomic status was evaluated using the Social Vulnerability Index, mother's education level and type of school (public or private). The data were analyzed using the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of inhalant use was 7.9%. No significant association was found between the use of inhalants and socioeconomic status after the logistic regression analysis. Inhalant use among adolescents was associated with marijuana use (OR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.27 - 9.36) and with binge drinking (OR: 5.02; 95% CI: 2.57 - 9.81).

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência do uso de inalantes em adolescentes e sua associação com o uso de maconha, consumo de álcool, condição socioeconômica e gênero. Um estudo transversal foi realizado em uma amostra representativa de 891 adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dois questionários autoaplicáveis: o Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) e o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT C). O Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social, o nível de escolaridade da mãe e o tipo de escola (pública ou privada) foram utilizados para determinar o nível socioeconômico. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste qui-quadrado (p < 0.05) e a análise de regressão logística. A prevalência do uso de inalantes foi de 7,9%. Não houve associação entre o uso de inalantes e o nível socioeconômico após a análise de regressão logística. O uso de inalantes por adolescentes esteve associado ao uso de maconha (OR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.27 - 9.36) e ao consumo abusivo de álcool (OR: 5.02; 95% CI: 2.57 - 9.81).

Padrão de uso de cannabis em dependentes de crack cocaína internados para desintoxicação / Pattern of cannabis use by crack cocaine addictsadmitted for detoxification

Introdução: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o padrão de uso de cannabis em dependentes de crack/cocaína internados para desintoxicação em uma unidade de internação especializada.Métodos: Pesquisa quantitativa com delineamento exploratório e transversal em amostra não aleatória (n=109) de dependentes de crack/cocaína segundo os critérios da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10). O protocolo de coleta foi composto por: informações sociodemográficas e descrição do padrão de uso de substâncias psicoativas, Inventário Beck de Ansiedade (BAI) e Inventário Beck de Depressão (BDI).Resultados: Os participantes, com média de idade de 27,82 anos (DP=6,68; 18-49) e com 8,19 (2,56; 4-16) de anos de estudo, estavam internados há cerca de 14,81 dias (DP=11,51; 7-64). Verificou-se que a idade média de início do uso de cannabis (15,17 +-3,29) é bastante inferior à idade de início do uso de crack (22,76 +-6,28). Achados indicam que a cannabis foi a primeira droga ilícita a ser consumida pelos dependentes de crack, sendo que 96,33% desses sujeitos apresentavam dependência de cannabis. Conclusão: Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva (r=0,385) de intensidade baixa entre a idade de início de consumo de crack e de cannabis, concluindo-se que, quanto mais cedo é iniciado o uso de cannabis, mais cedo é iniciado o uso de crack.

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the pattern of cannabis use by subjects addicted to crack/cocaine admitted for detoxification in a specialized unit.Methods: Quantitative research with an exploratory and cross-sectional design using a non-random sample (n= 109) of crack/cocaine addicts according to criteria from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD- 10). The data collection protocol was composed of sociodemographic information and description of the pattern of psychoactive substances use, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: Mean age was 27.82 years (SD= 6.68; 18-49), mean educational attainment was 8.19 years (2.56, 4-16), and patients were hospitalized for about 14,81 days (SD= 11.51;7-64). The average age of onset of cannabis use (15.17 + -3.29) was significantly earlier than the age of onset of crack use (22.76 + -6.28). Findings indicate that cannabis is the first illicit drug consumed by crack addicts, with 96.33% of these subjects presenting cannabis addiction. Conclusion: A positive, low-intensity correlation (0.385) between age of onset of crack use and cannabis use was found. This study concludes that the earlier the onset of cannabis use, the earlier the onset of crack/cocaine use.

A survey of patients with substance use disorders at government treatment facilities in The Bahamas / Estudio de pacientes con trastornos por uso de sustancias en centros gubernamentales de tratamiento en Las Bahamas

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sociodemographic information and characteristics of patients aged 18-60 years diagnosed with substance use disorders presenting to the three government treatment facilities. To determine the prevalence rates of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and poly-substance use disorders in patients presenting to government treatment facilities. METHODS: The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) Axis 1 disorders was the first instrument used to screen for drug abuse or dependence. Additional questionnaires included a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Survey of Addicted Patients in Treatment Centre Standardized Questionnaire. RESULTS: The number of participants interviewed in the study was 120 people; 89.2% were males and 10.8% were females. The mean age of all participants with substance use disorders was 36.22 (10.74) years and they were predominantly male (8 to 1). Males were mostly single, unemployed or casually employed, of middle school education and were residents of New Providence. Alcohol, cannabis and cocaine were the common drugs that were misused. Of cocaine users, 52 (82.5%) met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for dependence and of cannabis users, 20 (18.9%) met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for abuse. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to conduct community surveys on school children, other adult populations eg in the wider community and on other island populations to determine the population rates of substance use disorders. Once the needs have been identified through research for the different islands and target groups, informed decisions can be made as to the allocation of financial and human resources.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la información sociodemográfica y las características de los pacientes en edades de 18-60 años diagnosticadas con trastornos por uso de sustancia, que acuden a los tres centros gubernamentales de tratamiento de la drogadicción. Determinar la tasa de prevalencia de los trastornos por uso de alcohol, cannabis, cocaína y polisustancias en los pacientes que acuden a los centros de tratamiento del gobierno. MÉTODOS: La Entrevista clínica estructurada para el diagnóstico y el Manual estadístico de trastornos mentales, cuarta edición, texto revisado (DSM-IV-TR), trastornos del eje 1, fue el primer instrumento utilizado para detectar el abuso o dependencia de drogas. Los cuestionarios adicionales incluyen un cuestionario sociodemográfico así como la llamada Encuesta de pacientes adictos en el cuestionario estandarizado de los centros de tratamiento. RESULTADOS: El número de participantes entrevistados en el estudio fue de 120 personas; 89.2% eran varones y 10,8% eran hembras. La edad promedio de todos los participantes con trastornos por uso de sustancias fue 36.22 (10,74) años y eran predominantemente masculinos (8 a 1). Los varones eran en su mayoría solteros, desempleados, o trabajadores eventuales, de nivel educacional medio, y residentes de Nueva Providencia. Alcohol, cannabis y cocaína fueron las comúnmente las sustancias del uso adictivo. De los consumidores de cocaína, 52 (82,5%) correspondían a los criterios del DSM-IV-TR con respecto a la dependencia, y de los consumidores de cannabis, 20 (18,9%) correspondían a los criterios de DSM-IV-TR en relación con el abuso de sustancias. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario llevar a cabo encuestas comunitarias con niños en edad escolar, otras poblaciones adultas - por ejemplo en la comunidad en general y en otras poblaciones de la isla - para determinar las tasas poblacionales de trastornos por uso de sustancias. Una vez que las necesidades hayan sido identificadas mediante investigación de las diferentes islas y los grupos seleccionados como objetivos, pueden tomarse decisiones informadas en cuanto a la asignación de las finanzas y recursos humanos.

Illegal psychoactive substance consumption amongst older schoolchildren in the city of Tunja, Colombia / Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ilegales en adolescentes escolarizados de Tunja, Colombia

Objectives Assessing lifetime prevalence of illegal substance use and accessibility to such substances. Determining risk factors and the protective factors linked to them. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using descriptive and bivariate analysis. A survey was applied to 1,515 students from 8th to 11th grades in the city's schools, ages ranging from 12 to 18. Results An increase in lifetime prevalence and lower age for consumption onset were found. The main risk factors were determined to be academic environment and attitudes towards school authorities, linked to recreational and sports groups without control by elders, gang membership and engaging in risky and dangerous activities. Conclusions The results showed the need for a critical review of current promotion and prevention strategies aimed at controlling the use of psychoactive substances amongst children and adolescents, according to the current reality of trafficking and domestic consumption in Colombia.

Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia de vida del consumo de sustancias ilegales y la accesibilidad a sustancias ilegales. Determinar factores de riesgo y factores protectores relacionados con el consumo. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal mediante el análisis descriptivo y bivariado. Se aplicó una encuesta a 1 515 estudiantes de los grados 8 al 11 en las escuelas de la ciudad, entre las edades de 12 a 18. Resultados Se encontró un aumento de la prevalencia de vida y una disminución en la edad de inicio al consumo. Los principales factores de riesgo encontrados fueron: ambiente académico y las actitudes hacia las autoridades escolares, la vinculación a los grupos de deportes recreativos, no respeto a los mayores, pertenecer a pandillas y participar en actividades riesgosas y peligrosas. Conclusiones Los resultados mostraron la necesidad de una revisión crítica de la promoción actual y las estrategias de prevención destinadas a controlar el uso de sustancias psicoactivas entre los niños y adolescentes, de acuerdo a la nueva realidad de la tráfico y consumo interno en Colombia.

Norma subjetiva, intención y consumo de marihuana en jóvenes universitarios de México / Subjective norm, intention and consumption of marijuana in college students of México

Este artículo tuvo como propósito conocer la relación de la norma subjetiva con la intención y el consumo de marihuana en un grupo de jóvenes universitarios del Norte de México. El diseño del estudio fue descriptivo-correlacional, los datos fueron obtenidos a través de la aplicación de un instrumento sobre la Norma Subjetiva para el consumo de marihuana y analizados en el programa SPSS 18. Participaron 558 jóvenes de nueve facultades de una universidad pública. Los resultados mostraron que 15.1 por ciento ha consumido marihuana alguna vez en la vida. La prevalencia del consumo de marihuana fue mayor en hombres (χ2 =42.5, p<.001), en mayores de 20 años de edad (χ2 =11.64, p<.001) y en los estudiantes de ingenierías y ciencias agropecuarias (χ2=9.54, p<.023). La norma subjetiva se relacionó positivamente con la intención de consumo (rs=.224; p<.001). La norma subjetiva fue más alta en jóvenes que muestran intención de consumo que aquellos que no tienen intención (X= 15.85 y X=6.99; U=20561.5, p<.001), de la misma forma la norma subjetiva fue más alta en los jóvenes que han consumido marihuana que en aquellos que nunca han consumido (X =220.94 y X =7.05; U=28713.5, p<.001). Los resultados presentados aportan al conocimiento de la disciplina de enfermería y áreas a fines, principalmente en la línea de generación de conocimientos de prevención de adicciones y en un futuro podrán servir como base para la justificación de diseños de programas preventivos.

This article was aimed to determine the relationship between subjective norm with intention and marijuana consumption in a group of college students in northern Mexico. The study design was descriptive, co relational; data collection was obtained through the application of a Subjective Norm Instrument for marijuana consumption and analyzed with SPSS 18. Study participants were 558 students from nine faculties of a public university. Results showed that 15.1percent had used marijuana at some time in their life. The prevalence of marijuana consumption was higher in men (χ2=42.5, p<.001), older than 20 years of age (χ2=11.64, p<.001) and students in engineering and agricultural sciences (χ2=9.54, p<.023). The subjective norm is positively related with intention (rs=.224, p<.001). The subjective norm was higher in young people who displayed intention for consumption than those who have no intention (X=15.85 and X=6.99, U=20561.5, p<.001); in the same way, subjective norm was higher in young people that have used marijuana than those who have never used it (X=220.94 and X =7.05, U=28713.5, p<.001). The results are a contribution to the discipline of nursing knowledge and related areas, especially in the line of knowledge generation about addiction prevention, and in the future may serve as a basis for the rationale design of preventive programs.

Tobacco, alcohol and illegal substances: experiences and attitudes among Italian university students / Tabaco, álcool e substâncias ilegais: experiências e posicionamento entre estudantes universitários italianos

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to assess the prevalence of addictive drug use among students of University of Camerino (Italy) and to verify aspects related to substance use in this population. METHODS: The survey was carried out in the form of anonymous questionnaires completed by 345 participants. Chi-square test was used for statistic evaluation. RESULTS: Most students have experienced legal addictive substances: 28.0 percent of participants smoke cigarettes regularly and 23.2 percent of respondents have admitted regular alcohol consumption. In addition, 50.4 percent of subjects have already tried an illegal drug; the most used substance was cannabis (46.7 percent), followed by cocaine (13.3 percent). CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed the increased experimental use of cannabis among young people in Europe and showed a long-term use of drugs, particularly cocaine, among university students.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o uso de drogas que causam dependência entre os estudantes da Universidade de Camerino, Italia, e verificar os aspectos relacionados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas nesta população. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um questionário anônimo composto por 345 participantes selecionados aleatoriamente entre os alunos da universidade. O questionário tem sido utilizado, para esse tipo de estudo na República Tcheca, desde 2002. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para a avaliação estatística dos fatores, conforme o uso da substância. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos alunos entrevistados teve alguma experiência com substâncias legais que causam dependência: 28,0 por cento dos participantes fumam cigarros regularmente e 23,2 por cento dos entrevistados admitiram consumo regular de álcool. Além disso, 50,4 por cento dos indivíduos já experimentaram uma droga ilícita; a substância mais experimentada foi cannabis (46,7 por cento), seguida da cocaína (13,3 por cento). Dos estudantes que experimentaram drogas, 19 por cento admitiram o uso da substância no último mês (cannabis 87,5 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados confirmam o aumento experimental do uso de drogas cannabis entre os jovens na Europa e revelam um longo tempo de uso de drogas, principalmente de cocaína, entre os estudantes universitários.

Correlates of substance use during adolescent pregnancy in São Paulo, Brazil / Correlatos do uso de substâncias durante a gravidez na adolescência em São Paulo, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of cocaine and marijuana use during adolescent pregnancy in São Paulo-SP, Brazil, with psychiatric disorders, social status and sexual history. METHOD: One thousand pregnant adolescents were assessed by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and sociodemographic and socio-economic questionnaire at the obstetric center of a public hospital in São Paulo. Hair samples were collected for analysis. RESULTS: The following data were associated with cocaine and/or marijuana use during the third trimester of the pregnancy: being younger than 14 years of age, having a history of more than 3 sexual partners, and having psychiatric disorders, specifically, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and somatoform disorder. CONCLUSION: In early adolescence pregnancy, having 3 or more sexual partners in life for this population is significantly associated with the use of cocaine or marijuana during gestation. This association suggests that specific intervention programs should target these young women.

OBJETIVO: Investigar, numa população de gestantes adolescentes de uma maternidade pública de São Paulo-SP, Brasil, a associação entre o consumo de cocaína e maconha durante a gravidez com distúrbios psiquiátricos, status social e história sexual. MÉTODO: Mil adolescentes grávidas foram avaliadas por meio do Composite International Diagnostic Interview e de um questionário sociodemográfico e socioeconômico no centro obstétrico de um hospital público de São Paulo. Destas, foi colhida amostra para análise de fios de cabelo. RESULTADOS: Os seguintes dados foram associados com o uso de cocaína e/ou maconha durante o terceiro trimestre de gravidez: ter menos de 14 anos, ter história de mais do que três parceiros sexuais e ter transtornos psiquiátricos, em especial, transtorno afetivo bipolar, transtorno do estresse pós-traumático e transtorno somatoforme. CONCLUSÃO: Na população de adolescentes grávidas avaliada, ter menos de 14 anos e ter três ou mais parceiros sexuais na vida está significativamente associado ao uso de maconha ou cocaína durante a gestação. Esta associação sugere que programas de intervenção específicos devem ser dirigidos a essas jovens.

Octavo estudio nacional de drogas en población escolar de Chile 2009: 8º básico a 4º medio: principales resultados / Eight national study of drugs in Chile's school populations 2009: 8th grade at 4° medium: main results

CONACE realizó entre septiembre y noviembre de 2009 el VIII Estudio Nacional de Drogas en Población Escolar de Chile, en el marco de su compromiso de mantener registros sistemáticos de la evolución del uso de drogas en el país. La serie en población escolar consta de ocho estudios. Los tres primeros se hicieron en el formato DUSI (1995, 1997, 1999), bajo la responsabilidad del Ministerio de Educación; en cambio los cinco últimos se han realizado bajo formato, procedimientos y responsabilidad del CONACE (2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 y 2009). El VIII Estudio Nacional de Drogas en Población Escolar se hizo con alumnos de 8º Básico a 4º Medio de colegios municipalizados, particulares subvencionados y particulares pagados de 99 comunas del país, que configuran las muestras nacionales de drogas que utiliza CONACE. Las características y tamaño de la muestra así como los protocolos de aplicación del estudio son similares a los utilizados en toda la serie de estudios escolares. En éste la muestra efectiva alcanzó a 48.980 alumnos, distribuidos en alrededor de 3.000 cursos donde se han seleccionado al azar un promedio de 20 alumnos por curso.

Norma percibida de consumo de marihuana en los pares de estudiantes universitarios / Norma percebida de consumo de maconha sobre os pares de estudantes universitários / Perceived norm for marijuana use among university student peers

En este estudio se describe la relación entre la norma percibida del consumo de marihuana en los pares y el consumo real informado por alumnos de una universidad chilena. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, multicéntrico y transversal. Participaron 449 estudiantes previa firma del consentimiento informado. La información se recolectó con un cuestionario autoaplicado y se analizó con el programa SPSS 15.0. Fue encontrado que la mayoría son mujeres solteras, entre 20 y 21 años de edad, estudiantes de enfermería y educación. La norma percibida fue mayor que la de estudios nacionales (32,1 por ciento versus 21 por ciento); también el consumo autoinformado fue mayor que el nacional (32,1 por ciento versus 5,6 por ciento). Se observa un mayor consumo entre las mujeres, en educación y enfermería. Se confirma la feminización del consumo; el inicio del consumo en la universidad, el uso recreativo y la mayor tolerancia al consumo en los pares. Existe una sobreestimación del consumo de marihuana, lo que de acuerdo a la Teoría de las Normas Sociales y de Normalización influye en el aumento del consumo. Esta investigación constituye un aporte a las políticas de la salud del país y de la universidad.

This article describes the relationship between the perceived norm for marijuana use among peers and the use reported by university students in Chile. This is a qualitative, multicenter, cross-sectional study. A total 449 students participated with free consent. Data collection was performed using a self-administered questionnaire, and SPSS 15.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: most participants were women, single, between 20 and 21 years of age, students of nursing and education. The perceived norm is higher than reports from national studies (32.1 percent against 21 percent) and higher than the self-reported use (32.1 percent against 5.6 percent). Marijuana use is higher among women, in nursing and education courses. It was confirmed that marijuana use among women begins at the university; as it was used as a recreational drug and there was more tolerance among peers. It was observed that marijuana use was overestimated, which, according to the Theory of Social Norms and Normalization, has an effect on the increase of drug use. This study is a contribution for the country's and the university's policies.

Descreve-se, aqui, a relação entre norma percebida de consumo de maconha entre os pares e consumo reportado em alunos de uma universidade chilena. Este é um estudo quantitativo, multicêntrico, transversal. Participaram 449 estudantes, com livre consentimento. As informações foram coletadas mediante questionário autoaplicado e analisadas através do programa SPSS 15.0. RESULTADOS: a maioria são mulheres, solteiras, entre 20 e 21 anos, estudantes de enfermagem e educação. A norma percebida é maior do que nos estudos nacionais (32,1 por cento vs 21 por cento) e maior do que o consumo autorreportado (32,1 por cento vs 5,6 por cento). Observa-se maior consumo nas mulheres, e dos cursos de educação e de enfermagem. Confirma-se a feminização do consumo, o qual se inicia na universidade, por uso recreativo, e haver maior tolerância ao consumo entre os pares. Observa-se, também, maior estimação do consumo de maconha o que, de acordo a Teoria das Normas Sociais e de Normalização, tem influência no aumento do consumo. Esta pesquisa constitui-se em contribuição às políticas do país e da universidade.