Perfil de consumo de cocaína, cannabis y opiáceos en el laboratorio toxicológico CENATOXA / Profile of consumption of cocaine, cannabis and opiates in the toxicology laboratory CENATOXA

Con el propósito de conocer, en la población que concurre al laboratorio del CENATOXA, qué droga de abuso se consume más, cuál es la modalidad de consumo y el perfil de la consulta, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 2.635 casos a los que durante el período 1995-2006 se les solicitó investigación en orina de cannabis, cocaína y opiáceos. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando pruebas inmunológicas, cromatografía en capa delgada normalizada y cromatografía gaseosa-espectrometría de masas. El 20% de las muestras (n=529) resultaron positivas, correspondiendo el 50,66% a cannabis, el 37,43% a cocaína, el 2,08% a opiáceos y el 9,83% a la combinación cannabis-cocaína. Los varones constituyeron el 62% de los casos positivos. El mayor consumo de cannabis se observó entre los 11 y 30 años, el de cocaína entre los 21 y 40 años y la combinación de ambas drogas entre los 11 y 30 años. Los motivos de la solicitud de análisis correspondieron mayoritariamente y en proporciones similares al control de la adicción (31,1%) y a la sospecha de consumo (29,67%). El cannabis fue la droga ilegal más usada, predominó el monoconsumo, los principales usuarios fueron varones y los más comprometidos fueron los menores de 30 años.

A study was conducted in order to know what drugs of abuse are most commonly consumed by the population that comes to CENATOXA, as well as which the consumption patterns and consultation profiles are. A retrospective study was conducted in 2,635 cases for which, during 1995 to 2006, a toxicologycal urine analysis of cocaine, cannabis and opiates was requested. The analytical methodologies applied were immunoassay tests, standardized thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the studied sample (n=529), 20% were positive: 50.66% was due to cannabis, 37.43% to cocaine, 2.08% to opiates and 9.83% to combination of cannabis-cocaine. Sixty-two per cent of positive cases were male subjects, and the highest consumption of cannabis was seen in the 11 to 30 year-old age group; that of cocaine was seen in the 21 to 40 year-old age group and the combination of cannabis-cocaine in the 11 to 30 year-old group. In assessing the reason for test request a similar predominance of addiction control (31.1%) and drug abuse suspicion (29.67%) was found. Cannabis is the drug of abuse most commonly consumed; mono consumption is usual in this population and drug consumption is higher in males and people under 30 years old.

Prevalence of substance use among trauma patients treated in a Brazilian emergency room / Prevalência do uso de substâncias em pacientes com traumas em um pronto socorro brasileiro

OBJECTIVE: Although there is a considerable amount of data in the literature regarding the association between alcohol consumption and injuries treated in emergency rooms, little is known about the relationship between such injury and the use of other substances. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of substance use in patients admitted to the emergency room for non-fatal injuries. METHOD: A prospective cross-sectional study assessing all patients admitted to the emergency room within 6 hours after a non-fatal injury was conducted over a three-month period. The following were used as measures of alcohol and drug use: a standardized World Health Organization questionnaire; a self-administered questionnaire related to drug consumption within the 24 hours preceding contact; the Drug Abuse Screening Test; urine screens for cannabis, cocaine and benzodiazepines; and determination of blood alcohol concentration. Descriptive analyses were performed and the confidence interval used was 95 percent. RESULTS: A total of 353 patients were included. Cannabis and cocaine screens were conducted for 242 patients and benzodiazepine screens were conducted for 166. Blood alcohol concentrations reached the level of positivity in 11 percent (n = 39), and 10 percent (n = 33) presented some degree of intoxication. Among the 242 patients screened, 13.6 percent (n = 33) tested positive for cannabis, and 3.3 percent (n = 8) tested positive for cocaine, whereas 4.2 percent (n = 7) of the 166 patients screened tested positive for benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS: Substance use was highly prevalent among these individuals. In this sample, the frequency for the use of cannabis (an illicit drug) was comparable to that of alcohol. More studies are needed in order to characterize such use among Brazilians and to develop proper approaches to such cases, with the aim of reducing substance use and its consequences.

OBJETIVO: Ainda que haja significativa literatura sobre a associação entre álcool e trauma, pouco se sabe sobre o uso de outras substâncias e trauma em pronto socorro. O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência do uso de substâncias em pacientes admitidos em um pronto socorro por trauma não fatal. MÉTODO: Um estudo prospectivo de corte transversal avaliando todos os pacientes admitidos dentro de 6 horas antes de trauma não fatal em pronto socorro durante um período de três meses. Um questionário padronizado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, o auto-relato do consumo de drogas nas últimas 24 horas antes do contato; Drug Abuse Screening Test); screening de urina para maconha, cocaína e benzodiazepínicos e Concentração de Alcool no Sangue foram utilizados como medidas de avaliação do uso de álcool e drogas. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e o intervalo de confiança foi de 95 por cento. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 353 pacientes, tendo sido coletados screenings de maconha e cocaína de 242 pacientes e de 166 pacientes para benzodiazepínicos. A Concentração de Alcool no Sangue foi positiva em 11 por cento (n = 39) e 10 por cento (n = 33) apresentaram algum grau de intoxicação alcoólica. O teste de maconha foi positivo em 13,6 por cento (n = 33); respectivamente de cocaína em 3,3 por cento (n = 8) e de benzodiazepínicos em 4,2 por cento (n = 7). CONCLUSÕES: O uso de substâncias nesses indivíduos que sofreram trauma é altamente prevalente. Nesta amostra, a freqüência para maconha (uma droga ilícita) esteve próxima ao de álcool. Mais estudos são necessários a fim de identificar a realidade brasileira e elaborar identificações adequadas para estes casos, visando à redução do uso de substâncias e suas conseqüências.

Consumo de maconha entre dependentes de cocaina em tratamento ambulatorial : niveis de consumo, confiabilidade do relato e implicacoes para o tratamento / Marijuana use among cocaine dependents in out patient treatment : level of use, reability of the report and implications for the treatment

O presente trabalho tem como finalidade a associacao entre o relato de consumo de cannabis (maconha) de pacientes em tratamento de sindrome de dependencia de cocaina em regime ambulatorial, com analises toxicologicas para canabinoides...

Validez de las encuestas para la evaluación del uso de drogas ilegales / Survey validity on illegal drug use monitoring

Durante el mes de septiembre de 1988 se realizó un estudio epidemiológico para evaluar el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en una muestra aleatoria de la población de varones de 18 años de edad con residencia en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. La investigación consistió en una encuesta autoadministrada a 1923 jóvenes. En submuestras de los encuestados se determinó la presencia de metabolitos de marihuana(N=422) y de cocaína (N=442) en orina. Las respuestas de los encuestados referidas al consumo de marihuana y/o cocaína con una frecuencia de 5 días o más, durante el mes previo a la encuesta, fueron comparadas con las determinaciones de laboratorio. Se encontró un bajo coeficiente de correlación Kappa (<0,20) entre el consumo autodeclarado de las dos drogas estudiadas y las determinaciones de laboratorio. La encuesta tuvo una sensibilidad muy baja para detectar los consumos de marihuana y de cocaína, a pesar de las condiciones de anonimato en que se realizó. A fin de obtener una mejor estimación del problema estudiado, las investigaciones epidemiológicas sobre uso de sustancias psicoactivas basadas sobre encuestas deberían ser controladas con estudios de laboratorio y otro método similar, al menos en submuestras de los encuestados, con el objetivo de cuantificar el nivel de subregistro