Corrective Osteotomies in Hallux Valgus / 대한족부족관절학회지

Hallux valgus is a deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe and medial deviation of the first metatarsal. When planning an operative treatment, it is important to realize that the deformity is tridimensional and diverse. Operative techniques include medial eminence resection, distal soft tissue procedure, first metatarsal osteotomy (distal, diaphyseal, proximal, or multiple), proximal phalanx osteotomy, arthrodesis (first metatarsophalangeal or metatarsocuneiform joint), and so on. Among these techniques, osteotomy is the main procedure for correcting the hallux valgus. The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics and recent advancements made for corrective osteotomies in the hallux valgus. The pathophysiology of the hallux valgus is also described.

Central administration of Orphanin FQ inhibits GnRH secretion by ORL1 receptor in the median eminence of freely moving ovariectomized rats / 神经科学通报·英文版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study aimed to investigate the possible role of Orphanin FQ (OFQ) in the regulation of hypo-thalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The method of push-pull perfusion and radioimmuno-assay (RIA) were adopted to examine the secretory profile of GnRH in the median eminence (ME) in freely moving ovari-ectomized (OVX) rats after intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of OFQ and/or [Nphe(1)]NC(1-13)NH(2) (NC13), a competitive antagonists of the opioid receptor-like 1 receptor (ORL1 receptor).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>GnRH release from ME significantly decreased from 40 min to 80 min after the administration of 20 and 200 nmol OFQ in OVX rats (P < 0.05). This inhibitory effect of 20 nmol OFQ could be abolished by pretreatment with equal dose of NC13. More interestingly, GnRH secretion from ME was increased markedly 60 min after icv injection of 100 and 200 nmol NC13 (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results suggested central administration of OFQ could inhibit the release of GnRH in the ME of hypothalamus through ORL1 receptor, providing further in vivo evidence supporting the role of OFQ in the control of GnRH secretion.</p>

Expression and Distribution of BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor) in the Rat Hypothalamus / 대한해부학회지

BDNF belongs to the neurotrophin family and important molecular mediator of functional and structural plasticity. The highest levels of BDNF are found in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of the adult rat. Hypothalamus is important because of its high degree of plasticity, but little is known about distribution of BDNF in hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, it is necessary to study distribution and expression pattern of BDNF in each hypothalamic nuclei to understand changes of BDNF through various neural damages including spinal cord injury. Through this experiment, we found specific BDNF expression pattern in some regions of hypothalamus and the results are as follows. 1) BDNF expressions were found in median eminence, arcuate nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and periventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus. 2) BDNF immunoreactive cells and nerve fibers were of various shapes and sizes. 3) Glial cells also express BDNF in certain hypothalamic nuclei. These results seem to be useful for future investigations of neurochemical changes in the hypothalamus induced by various neural trauma or degenerative changes

Changes of TH Immunoreactivities and Melatonin Treatments in the Rat Brain by Chronic Stress / 대한해부학회지

These experiments were performed to investigate the effect of saline, melatonin, stress, stressedmelatonin on TH immunoreactivity in rat brain. The animals were injected with melatonin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) after electric shocks for 15days. The results were as follows; 1. TH immunoreactive neurons in brain (the number of staining neuron & the stain intensity in LC and parietal cortex, the stain intensity in arcuate nucleus and median eminence of cerebral cortex) were significantly increased in stressed group compared with all the other groups. 2. TH immunoreactive neurons in brain (the number of staining neuron & the stain intensity in LC and parietal cortex, the stain intensity in arcuate nucleus and median eminence of cerebral cortex were significantly decreased in stressed-melatonin treated group compared with stressed group but were significantly increased compared with the other groups. These experiments indicate that its increase is inhibited by melatonin treatment even though, stress increases TH immunoreactivity in LC and Par.

Postnatal Development of Brain Natriuretic Peptide-immunoreactive Neuron in the Hypothalamus of the Rat / 체질인류학회지

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a neuropeptide, isolated from porcine brain that is homologous with atriopeptin. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells located in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus synthesize and secrete neurohormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate distribution of BNP immunoreactivity throughout the rat hypothalamus from the day of birth to 30 days and adult using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining. The first BNP immunoreactive neurons appeared in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus at P10. In adult, BNP immunoreactivity was widely distributed throughout regions of the hypothalamus including dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus and internal layer of median eminence. The intensity of BNP immunoreactivity was weak in almost all hypothalamic nuclei except the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. BNP immunoreactivity was first observed in the lateral hypothalamic area at P15. In retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus, BNP immunoreactivity was first observed at P20 and remarkably distributed in adult. In the present study, distinct localization of BNP immunoreactivity was in the hypothalamic cell bodies and fibers. Although the role of BNP in the brain is yet to be determined, these results indicate that BNP in the neurons of hypothalamus play important role in the regulation of a variety of neurosecretory functions as a neuromodulator during postnatal development of the hypothalamus.

Postnatal Development of Brain Natriuretic Peptide-immunoreactive Neuron in the Hypothalamus of the Rat / 체질인류학회지

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a neuropeptide, isolated from porcine brain that is homologous with atriopeptin. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells located in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus synthesize and secrete neurohormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate distribution of BNP immunoreactivity throughout the rat hypothalamus from the day of birth to 30 days and adult using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining. The first BNP immunoreactive neurons appeared in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus at P10. In adult, BNP immunoreactivity was widely distributed throughout regions of the hypothalamus including dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus and internal layer of median eminence. The intensity of BNP immunoreactivity was weak in almost all hypothalamic nuclei except the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. BNP immunoreactivity was first observed in the lateral hypothalamic area at P15. In retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus, BNP immunoreactivity was first observed at P20 and remarkably distributed in adult. In the present study, distinct localization of BNP immunoreactivity was in the hypothalamic cell bodies and fibers. Although the role of BNP in the brain is yet to be determined, these results indicate that BNP in the neurons of hypothalamus play important role in the regulation of a variety of neurosecretory functions as a neuromodulator during postnatal development of the hypothalamus.

El sistema óxido nítrico/GMPc como mecanismo de señalización de las endotelinas en el sistema nervioso / The system nitric oxide/GMPc as signaling mechanism of the endothelins in te nervous system

En el presente trabajo investigamos el mecanismo de señalización mediado por receptores de las endotelinas (ETs), en dos estructuras del sistema nervioso relacionadas con la función neuroendocrina, como son la eminencia media y la médula suprarrenal de la rata. Las tres isoformas de ETs incrementaron la producción de GMPc, en una magnitud similar y dependiente de la concentración. El IRL 1620, un agonista selectivo del receptor ETB, también incrementó la formación de GMPc en ambas estructuras. El antagonista del receptor ETB, BQ-788, inhibió completamente el incremento de GMPc inducido por ET-1 o ET-3. Adicionalmente, la ET-1 estimuló la actividad de la sintetasa del óxido nítrico, tanto en la eminencia media como en la médula suprarrenal. En la médula suprarrenal, el incremento en la producción de GMPc inducido por las ETs o por el IRL fue bloqueado por el análogo de la L-arginina, N-nitro-L-arginina (L-NAME) y por dos inhibidores de la guanililciclasa soluble, el azul de metileno y el ODQ. Los resultados demuestran que en dos estructuras del sistema nervioso, como la eminencia media y la médula suprarrenal, la estimulación del receptor ETB de las endotelinas se encuentra asociada a la activación de la sintetasa del óxido nítrico y al consecuente incremento de la formación de GMPc. Estos hallazgos sugieren un papel funcional de las ETs en estructuras del sistema nervioso mediante la formación de óxido nítrico y la activación de la guanililciclasa soluble

Los fosfoinositidos como señalización de las endotelinas en la eminencia media y el órgano subfornical de la rata / The fosfoinositidos as endotheling signaling in the half prominence and the subfornical organ of the rat

La endotelina-1 es un péptido derivado del endotelio con potentes efectos vasoconstrictores. Existen tres isoformas de endotelinas (ETs):ET-1, ET-2 y ET-3 que actúan en receptores designados como ETA y ETB. Se ha demostrado que la administración central de los isopéptidos de ETs produce efectos autonómicos y cerebrovasculares, lo que sugiere la existencia de un papel clave para las ETs en el SNC. Las endotelinas son capaces de activar diferentes sistemas de segundos mensajeros. Se ha descrito que los receptores de ETs en el SNC están acoplados a la activación de la fosfolipasa C y el subsecuente incremento de los niveles de trifosfato de inositol (IP3). Consistente con la presencia de una alta densidad de receptores específicos para las ETs en el órgano subfornical (OSF) y la eminencia media (EM) del cerebro de la rata, nuestros resultados muestran que el incremento en la hidrólisis de fosfoinosítidos (PI) de membrana inducido por las ET-1 y ET-3 en el OSF y la EM, es dependiente de la dosis y muestra valores de DE50 similares, lo que sugiere que este efecto es mediado por el subtipo de receptor ETB. Se caracterizaron los receptores que median dicho efecto, mediante el uso de agonistas y antagonistas selectivos de ambos subtipos de receptores. El BQ 123 y BQ 610, antagonistas selectivos del recptor ETA, no afectaron significativamente el incremento en el recambio de inositoles de membrana inducidos por las ETs en las estructuras cerebrales. Mientras que el IRL 1620, un agonista selectivo del subtipo de receptor ETB, incrementó la acumulación de InsP1 en el OSF y la EM de modo comparable al producido por las endotelinas, siendo este efecto bloqueado por el BQ 788, un antagonista selectivo de este subtipo de receptor. Nuestros hallazgos demuestran que el receptor ETB media el incremento de recambio de fosfoinosítidos inducido por la ET-1 y la ET-3 en el OSF y la EM de cerebro de la rata

MR imaging in children with ectopic pituitary gland and anterior hypopituitarism.

Posterior pituitary ectopia refers to an absent normal posterior pituitary bright spot within the sella with ectopic bright signal at another site (such as the median eminence) on a weighted magnetic resonance. We describe two children with idiopathic anterior hypopituitarism who showed an ectopic posterior pituitary and absent pituitary stalk on imaging. We emphasize the association of the absent pituitary stalk in ectopic pituitary gland and low growth hormone levels.

Somatostatin (SRIF) like immunoreactivity in median eminence (ME) of female rat brain: evidence of compartmentalization in ME.

Somatostatin (SRIF) immunoreactivity was observed in rostrocaudal extent (Bregma levels-1.8 mm to -3.8 mm) of the median eminence (ME) in female rat brain using Avidin-Biotin Complex (ABC) method (Hsu et al, 1981). SRIF immunoreactivity (IR) was observed in entire-rostrocaudal extent of both internal (IZ) and external zone (EZ) of ME. Image analysis of SRIF stained sections showed that in rostral ME (Bregma -1.8 to -2.3 mm) dense immunoreactive nerve terminals were observed in EZ. In medial ME (Bregma -2.3 mm to 3.3 mm) SRIF-IR was low in IZ and dense in EZ. In this region dense immunoreactive nerve terminals were observed in lateral margin of EZ. In caudal ME (Bregma -3.3 mm to -3.8 mm) nerve terminals in lateral EZ and median IZ and EZ showed dense reactivity in nerve terminals. These results led us to hypothesize that each region-lateral IZ and EZ and medial IZ and EZ are independent functional units in ME. Six functionally independent compartments could be identified-Compartment I and III of IZ and IV in EZ (Lateral margins in ME), Compartment V (IZ) and Compartment VI (medial EZ).

Changes In The Distribution of Oxytocin and Vasopressin-Immunoreactive Neurons In the Hypothalamic Area of Normal and Hypophysectomized Rats / 체질인류학회지

The localization and number of oxytocin- and vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons (OXY-IR & VP-IR) and their fibers in the hypothalamic areas (supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area and median eminence) of the hypophysectomized rat were compared with normal rats at 6 months of survival after surgery at the light microscopic level. The number of VP-IR neurons was markedly decreased in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the hypophysectomized rats as compared to normal rats. Moreover, The number of VP-IR fibers was decresed in the SON, PVN, lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and median eminence in the hypophysectomized rats. The number of OXY-IR neurons and thier fibers were also decreased in the SON and PVN in the hypophysectomized rats. The present results demonstrate that hypophysectomy induces a significant decrease in the number of OXY- and VPIR neurons and fibers within hypothalamic areas (SON, PVN, and LHA at 6 months of post-hypophysectomy) are decreased.

Correlation between ANP concentrations in atria, plasma and cerebral structures and sodium chloride preference in Wistar rats

We determined whether ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay, in the ANPergic cerebral regions involved in regulation of sodium intake and excretion and pituitary gland correlated with differences in sodium preference among 40 Wistar male rats (l80-220 g). Sodium preference was measured as mean spontaneous ingestion of 1.5 per cent NaCl solution during a test period of 12 days. The relevant tissues included the olfactory bulb (OB), the posterior and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland (PP and AP, respectively), the median eminence (ME), the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), and the region anteroventral to the third ventricle (AV3V). We also measured ANP contens in the right (RA) and left atrium (LA) and plasma. The concentrations of ANP in the OB and the AP were correlated with sodium ingestion during the preceding 24 h, since an increase of ANP in these structures was associated with a reduced ingestion and vice-versa (OB: r = -0.3649, P<0.05; AP: r = -0.3291, P<0.05). Moreover, the AP exhibited correlation between ANP concentration and mean NaCl intake (r = -0.4165, P<0.05), but this was not the case for the OB (r = 0.2422. This suggests that differences in sodium preference among individu male rats can be related to variations of AP ANP level. Earlier studies indicated that the OB is involved in the control of NaCl ingestion. Our data suggest that the OB ANP level may play a role mainly in day-today variations of sodium ingestion in the individual rat.

A Case of Severe Pituitary Dwarfism due to Agenesis of Anterior Pituitary Gland with Pituitary Stalk Transection

We experienced one case of severe pituitary dwarfism in a 10 years old female girl. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) revealed transection of the pituitary stalk stalk with the formation of high intensity ectopic posterior lobe located at the median eminence and agenesis of an anterior lobe of pituitary gland. The serum growth Hormone (GH) response to clonidine and L-dopa revealed severe GH deficiency. The patient had responses to TRH, normal TSH and partial prolactin response, respectively. There was not response LH and FSH to GnRH. The morning cortisol concentration and serum T4 concentration were decreased below the normal range. These findings and no hyperprolactinemia suggested the presence of a vascular connection between the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, which is not visible on MRI. Sofar, the primary cause of idiopathic pituitary dwarfism in many patients is injury to hypothalamus by perinatal insults. In this patient, there was no history of perinatal insults and postnatal head trauma but transection of the pituitary stalk. We report a case of severe pituitary dwarfism due to agenesis with brief review of related litereature.

Effect of testosterone on the pressor response to common carotid occlusion in gonadectomized conscious male rats with lesion of the median eminence

The influence of testosterone on the development of the pressor response to common carotid occlusion was investigated in control and median eminence-lesioned male rats. In control rats (N-9), gonadectomy performed 21 days before the experiments reduced by 22% (from 51 ñ 2 to 40 ñ 2 mmHg) and treatment with testosterone (330 µg for 4 days before the measurements) increased the initial peak pressor response (from 51 ñ 2 to 57 ñ 2 mmHg) which depends on carotid innervation. The maintained response which is of central origin (propably ischemic was less affected. In non gonadectomized rats (N=6), lesions of the median eminence (6 days) decreased the initial peak by 19% (from 52 ñ 2 to 42 ñ 3 mmHg) and the maintained response by 56% (from 32 ñ 2 to 14 ñ 1 mmHg). Sham-operated rats served as controls. In gonadectomized animals (N=6) the lesion reduced only the maintained response (from 23 ñ 2 to 11 ñ 1 mmHg). Testosterone supplementation restored the maintained response but did not alter the initial peak. These results indicate that the pressor response to common carotid occlusion in male rats is modulated by testosterone and that the depresiin in the maintained response caused by median eminence lesion can be reversed by steroid supplentation

The effect of tubero-infundibular dopaminergic neurons on prolactin and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone release

The effect of tubero-infundibular dopaminergic neurons (TIDA) on the release of prolactin (PRL) and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) was studied in median eminence-lesioned (MEL) male rats (N = 6-28). Plasma PRL and alpha-MSH levels were significantly elevated 2(86.1 ñ 19.8 and 505.1 ñ 19.1 ng/ml), 4(278.7 ñ 15.5 and 487.4 ñ 125.1 ng/ml), 7 (116.2 ñ 16.2 and 495.8 ñ 62.6 ng/ml) and 14 (247.3 ñ 26.1 and 448.4 ñ 63.8 ng/ml) days after MEL when compared to sham-operated control animals (55.5 ñ 13.4 and 56.2 ñ 6.1 ng/ml, repectively). MEL altered plasma PRL and alpha-MSH levels in a diffential manner, with 1.5-to5.0-fold increase in PRL and an 8.0- to 9.0-fold increase in alpha-MSH. The increase of alpha-MSH levels occured abruptly and remained constant from days 2 to 14. These observations indicate that TIDA plays an important role in the pituitary release of PRL and alpha-MSH and provide evidence that the release of the two hormones occurs in a differential manner

Chevron Osteotomy for the Treatment of hallux Valgus / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Hallux valgus has been defined as a static subluxation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with lateral deviation of the proximal phalanx on the first metatarsal head from the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal with medial deviation of the first metatarsal. And first-second metatarsal angle is increased as well as bursal hypertrophy over the medial eminence of the first metatarsal head. Many procedures have been reported for the treatment of the hallux valgus ranging from resection arthroplasty to distal first metatarsal or basal first metatarsal osteotomy. Of these, Johnson and Corless have required sufficiently good results in the modifying Mitchell osteotomy into Chevron osteotomy. The Chevron procedure is an osteotomy involving the distal portion of the first metatarsal, lateral displacement of the metatarsal head with exostosectomy, and tightening of the medial capsular structures. Authors studied 17 cases in 10 patients with the hallux valgus deformity treated by Chevron osteotomy at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Capital Armed Forced General Hospital from September 1987 to September 1989. The results were as follows; 1. Seven patients (12 cases) were male and three patients (5 cases) were female. All patients had bilateral hallux valgus deformity. 2. The average first-second intermetatarsal angle was 11 degrees and average valgus angle was 32 degrees, preoperatively. They were corrected to 9 degrees and 14 degrees respectively. 3. The metatarsalgia of the great toe was subsided in all cases and they were satisfied with the result of their operations in respect to cosmetically and functionally. Avascular necrosis of capital fragment, nonunion, and dorsal angulation were not developed in any case. But, one case had marginal skin necrosis, presumably due to excessive compressive dressing. 4. Chevron osteotomy is a technically easy procedure and it can be obtained early bone healing with less complication.

Blockde of volume expansion-induced release of atrial natriuretic peptide by median eminence lesions in the rat

Since stimulation of the anteroventral third ventricle region (AV3V) induced a rapid elevation of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) associated with rapid changes in brain and pituitary content of ANP, whereas lesions of the AV3V were followed by marked by a merked decline in plasma, brain and pituitary content of the peptide, we hypothesized that release of ANP from the median eminence (ME) might be an important pathway to control plasma ANP. Consequently, electrolytic lesions were placed in the ME and the response to hypertonic-expansion was determined in conscieous rats. In sham-operated controls volume expansion produced a 3.5-fold increase in plasma ANP concentrations within 5 min. Values rapidly declined to enar initial levels at 15 and 30 min. Median eminence lesions almost completely blocked the response to volume expansion at 24 and 120 h post-lesion and initial anp concentrations were lower than those of the sham-operated controls. The results indicate that increased release of ANP from the neurohypophysis may play an important role in the increased plasma ANP concentrations whic follow volume expansion

Angiotensin II antiserum decreases luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the median eminence and preoptic aea of the rat

Ovariectomized female rats were sacrificed 3 h after intracerebroventricular microijnjection of normal rabbit serum (NRS), specific antiserum against angiotensin II (AB-AII) or atrial natriuretic factor (AB-ANF). AB-AII decreased plasma LH by 50% and LH-RH content by 70% in the median eminence and medial preoptic area, respectively, but did not change plasma FSH when compared to animals which receivede NRS. There was no difference in these parameters when the animals were injected with AB-ANF or NRS.These results indicate that endogenous AII plays a physiological role in LH release acting directly or indirectly through LH-RH neurons of the median eminence and medial peroptic area

Efecto de monoaminas sobre la secreción de ACTH en células dispersas, perfundidas, de la adenohipófisis del pato barcinochico (anasflavirostris) / Effect of monoamines on ACTH secretion by dispersed, perfused cells from the adenohypophysis of the barcino chico duck (Anas flavirostris)

Continuando con la caracterización de los factores que intervienen en el control de la secreción de ACTH por parte de las células corticomelanotropas de la hipófisis de las aves, hemos probado, utilizando un modelo in vitro de perfusión continua de células adenohipofisarias de pato, el efecto sobre la liberación de ACTH de diversas aminas biógenas y neurofármacos: noradrenalina (NA), adrenalina (A), dopamina (DA), serotonina (5-HT), fenilefrina (Phe), e isoproterenol (IP). Las respuestas obtenidas se comparon con las ejercidas por extractos de eminencia media de hipotálamo de pato (EMP). El orden de "actividad intrínseca (Vmáx) fue: NA+A>Phe>DA=5-HT. Las sustancias fueron probadas en un rango de dosis de 10**-4 a 10**-9M. Todas las sustancias ensayadas resultaron ser agonistas parciales respecto del efecto de EMP. La actividad intrínseca de los más potentes agonistas ensayados, NA y A,fue de 0,66 respecto de la alcanzada por EMP. Se concluye que en el pato, las células corticomelanotropas segregan ACTH en respuesta a NA y A en dosis compatibles con un papel fisiológico de las mencionadas catecolaminas, lo que hace presumir que estas sustancias pueden naturalmente controlar la secreción de ACTH en las aves por acción directa sobre la hipófisis. 5-HT y DA se comportaron como agonistas muy débiles sobre la liberación de ACTH por las células CM del pato en el sistema empleado

Monoamine oxidase concentration in median eminence, pituitary and uterus of rat after estrogen and centchroman treatment.

Estradiol dipropionate (0.005 mg/kg) increased the monoamine oxidase levels in pituitary, median eminence and uterus of ovariectomized rats. Centchroman (3,4-trans-2, 2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-4-p-(-pyrrolidinethoxy)-phenyl-7 methoxy chroman, 1.25 mg/kg) decreased the enzyme levels in pituitary and median eminence but not in uterus. Centchroman, given to estradiol treated groups could not bring down the enhanced levels of the enzyme in the uterus.