El diagnóstico en psiquiatría: una discusión teórica y práctica para el abordaje clínico / (Diagnosis in psychiatry: a theoretical and practical discussion for clinical assessment)

ResumenEl artículo aborda las dificultades en el diagnóstico psiquiátrico por las características propias de estos trastornos que, junto con la definición de lo patológico desde la prescripción de lo moralmente aceptado y los conflictos de interés entre la psiquiatría y las compañías farmacéuticas, han llevado a cuestionar las categorías diagnósticas en este campo del saber. Se argumenta la necesidad de contar con categorías, aunque imperfectas, para el abordaje clínico inicial, para el disfrute de los derechos laborales y en atención médica, para la investigación en este campo y para la definición y asignación de recursos en políticas públicas basadas en evidencia. Se explica cómo el personal de salud debe evaluar la percepción subjetiva del padeciente acerca de su sintomatología, malestar y disfunción, aunado a una cuidadosa observación del comportamiento no verbal y paraverbal, para proponer un diagnóstico sindrómico presuntivo y el abordaje inicial. Los criterios diagnósticos del DSM o la CIE no se deben aplicar como un "checklist" que resulta en un diagnóstico final incuestionable.Por último, se hace un llamado a desestigmatizar las categorías psiquiátricas. Se ha demostrado que el temor a la estigmatización resultante del etiquetado en psiquiatría, contribuye a que las personas no busquen ayuda profesional para trastornos en los que el tratamiento psicoterapéutico y farmacológico mejoran el malestar, calidad de vida y funcionalidad.

AbstractThis article addresses the difficulties in psychiatric diagnoses together with the practical need for these labels. The characteristics of these disorders, the definition of what is considered pathological by morally prescribed standards and the conflicts of interest between psychiatry and pharmaceutical companies, have led to question the diagnostic categories in this field of knowledge. We argue that diagnostic categories are necessary, for the initial clinical approach; for access to medical care, disability and other legal rights; for research in this field; and for the definition and allocation of resources in evidence-based public policies. We discuss how clinical practitioners should assess the subjective perception of the sufferer of their symptoms, discomfort and dysfunction, together with a careful observation of non-verbal and para-verbal behavior, to propose a presumptive syndromic diagnosis and the initial approach. The diagnostic criteria of the DSM or ICD should not be applied as a "checklist" resulting in an unquestionable final diagnosis. Finally, we make a call to de-stigmatize the psychiatric categories. Fear of stigmatization resulting from psychiatric labels has been shown to contribute to sufferers not seeking professional help, for disorders in which psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment, improves symptomatology, quality of life and functionality.

The "mental feature" in mental illness: difficulties that this reality poses for diagnosis and classification / O "mental" na doença mental: dificuldades que sua realidade impõe em relação a diagnóstico e classificação

Four points are considered in this article. In the first place, it is argued that the "settings" of psychiatric care express the need to respond to the degree of decrease in personal freedom of the patient. Then, the issue of how "the mental feature" of the mental pathology has been recognized and categorized since the 18th century is examined, pointing out the difficulties involved in considering the mental nature of the subject of psychiatry. In the third place, the issue of how current systems of diagnosis and classification are posed regarding this reality is briefly looked at. Finally, the characteristics of a working hypothesis that allows organizing consistent clinical facts providing a heuristic perspective are analyzed

Neste artigo, quatro pontos são considerados. Em primeiro lugar, argumenta-se que os "espaços" da atenção psiquiátrica expressam a necessidade de responder ao grau de diminuição da liberdade pessoal do paciente. Em seguida, são discutidas as formas como o "mental" da doença mental tem sido reconhecido e categorizado a partir do século 18, apontando para dificuldades envolvidas ao se considerar o caráter mental do objeto da psiquiatria. Em terceiro lugar, são discutidas brevemente as formas como os sistemas atuais de diagnóstico e classificação se posicionam sobre essa realidade. Finalmente, as características de uma hipótese de trabalho que permita organizar de modo coerente os fatos clínicos e que proporcione uma perspectiva que seja heurística são analisadas