Quantitative study on human cerebellar cortex from anatomy cadaver preparations / Estudio cuantitativo de la corteza del cerebelo humano a partir de la anatomía de preparaciones cadavéricas

Human cerebellum is important for motor coordination; muscle tones and maintaing the equilibrium of the body. In our region, limited data is available on the normal morphology of human cerebellum, whilst fresh biopsy is quite difficult to obtain. Here adult male cerebellum from cadaver anatomy preparations embalmed with 37 % formalin fixative solution for over a year are studied (n=3). After removal, right cerebellum hemisphere was sliced into cubicle then temporary soaked into 50-60 % of alcohol before being paraffinated. Two parasagittal adjacent slices from each sample were deparaffinated (5 µm) and then stained with hematoxyllin-eosin (HE). Slides were observed under light microscope (Olympus, Japan). Pictures were analysed from 6 field numbers of each, with Optilab and Image Raster 3 software (Indonesia). The density of the Purkinje cells (Neuron purkinjense), the number and density of the Purkinje cells and the thickness of the molecular layer are measured. Data were analysed with the level of significance of p<0.05 (ANOVA, Microsoft Excel 2007). The distance between 2 Purkinje cells is ranged between 82.6-346.6 µm, although no significant differences found (p=0.1). There are no significant differences in the number and in the density of the Purkinje cells amongst samples (p=0.72 and 0.34, respectively); might be due to the similar age, sex and race of these cadavers. However, there is a significant difference in the thickness of the molecular layer (p=0.015). Variations amongst individual cerebelli are observed, with a significant different thickness in the molecular layer. The cellular composition of each cerebellum is unique, arguably correlated to the individual cerebellum activity when alive.

El cerebelo humano es importante en la coordinación motora, los tonos musculares y el mantenimiento del equilibrio del cuerpo. En nuestra región, son limitados los datos disponibles en relación a la morfología normal del cerebelo humano, por otra parte obtener una biopsia fresca es bastante difícil de obtener. Para este trabajo se utilizaron tres cerebelos adultos de sexo masculino, obtenidos a partir de cadáveres conservados con una solución de formalina al 37 % durante más de un año. Después de la separación, el hemisferio derecho del cerebelo fue seccionado en cubos que fueron posteriormente impregnados en una solución de 50-60 % de alcohol antes del proceso de parafinización. Se tomaron dos secciones parasagitales adyacentes (5 µm) de cada muestra desparafinada y luego éstas fueron teñidas con Hematoxilina-Eosina. Las muestras se observaron al microscopio óptico (Olympus, Japón). Se analizaron 6 campos por muestra con los softwares Optilab e Image Raster 3 (Indonesia). Se midieron la densidad de las neuronas purkinjenses (células de Purkinje), el número y densidad de ellas y el espesor de la capa molecular. Los datos fueron analizados con un nivel de significación de p<0,05 (ANOVA, Microsoft Excel 2007). La distancia entre dos células de Purkinje varió entre 82,6-346,6 µm, sin encontrarse diferencias significativas (p = 0,1). No hay diferencias significativas en el número (p = 0,72) y la densidad (p = 0,34) de células de Purkinje entre las muestras; podría deberse a la misma edad, el sexo y la raza de los cadáveres utilizados. Sin embargo, hay una diferencia significativa en el espesor de la capa molecular (p = 0,015). Se observaron variaciones individuales en el cerebelo, encontrándose diferencia significativa el espesor de la capa molecular. La composición celular del cerebelo es única, sin duda esta se correlaciona con la actividad del cerebelo en individuos vivos.

Images in clinical medicine congenital neural malformations related to their embryological background

Congenital neural malformations are complex anomalies, which stem from an abnormality in the embryological development of the nervous system. The development of the nervous system begins by the formation of the neural tube and its subsequent closure. The failure of closure results in neural tube defects [NTD]. Defect in the formation of prosencephalon or rhornbencephalon will result in holoprosencephaly or Dandy walker complex respectively. The formation of neuroblasts and their migration to cerebral cortex may be altered by many neuronal migration disorders, Lissencephaly, schizencephaly, and heterotopic gray matter are the most prominent. The objective of the study is relating congenital neural malformations to their corresponding embryological background, and so helping in better understanding the time and the way of the occurrence of such anomalies

Changes of Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization after Repeat Exposure to Isofourane in the Rat / 대한마취과학회지

The effect of repeat exposure to 1soflurane on cerebral glucose utilization was studied by quantita-tive autoradiography using 19 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Local cerebral glucose utilization was compared between a conscious control and an Isoflurane anesthetized rat (single exposure, repeat exposure for 1 week and repeat exposure for 2 weeks) The results were as follows: 1) There was a small decrease of blood pressure in the anesthetized group, but it was within the range of autoregulation. The PaO2and PaCO2 were influenced by artificial ventilation in the anesthetized group but remained in normal range. 2) 1-CMRg decreased in most regions of the anesthetized group. A larger decreased glucous utilized region was observed with repeat exposure for 1 week than 2 weeks when compared to comscious control. but more regions involved decreased glucose utilization in the 2 week exposure group when compare to the single exposure. In particular the sensory motor cortex, and cerebral assocition areas were most severely affected. 3) There was no statistical significant difference between the 1 week and the 2 week exposure group. However significant decreased glucous utilization was seen on anterior thalamus in the 2 week exposure group. 4) Some regions with increased glucose utilization were the cerebellum nucleus, vestibular nucleus, hippocampus molecular layer and havenula in the single exposure group, Ansignifecant increase was seen in superior colliculus superficialis, anterior thalamus and hippocampus molecular layer in the repeat exposure group. 5) The order of decreased glucose utilization by funtional unit was: myelinated fiber>auditory system>visual system: other regions were ordered differently between groups. 6) The order of decreased glucose utilization according to anatomical regions were: telence- phalone > diencephalon > mesencephalone > metencephalone > myelencephalone in all three groups; i. e, rostral to caudal gradient of glucous utilization was well-maintained in-single or repeat-exposured groups. 7) There were significantly prominent regions appearing in anesthetized rat brains. They were havenular, havenulo-interpeduncular nucleus, and fornix. They were all preserved in repeat-exposure rats.

Effect of Isoflurane Anesthesia on Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization and Local Cerebral Blood Flow in Rats / 대한마취과학회지

The influence of isoflurane on local cerebral glucose utilization and local cerebral blood fiow was studied by quantitative autoradiography using 23 male Sprague-Dawley rats. rats had both the femoral artery and vein cannulated and were anesthetized with 0.5 MAC and 1.0 MAC isoflurane. Local cerebral glucose utilization and local cerebral blood flow were compared between conscious controls and isofiurane anesthetized rats. The results were as follows: 1) There was a slight decrease of blood pressure in the anesthetized group but it was within the range of autoregulation. The PaO2 and PaCO2 were influenced by artificial ventilation in the anesthetized group but were in the normal range. 2) 1-CM-Rg was decreased in most regions and there was no significant difference between the 0.5 MAC and 1.0 MAC isoflurane anesthesia groups. 3) Some regions had increased glucose utilization. They were the cerebellum nucleus, vestibular nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, and hippocampus molecular layer. 4) Some regions had prominent glucose utilization in the anesthetized rats which did not appear in coscious controls. They were the havenula, havenulo-interpedunculus nucleus and fornix. 5) The order of decreased glucose utilization was cerebral association area>auditory system> visual system > sensory motor system > limbic system > extrapyramidal system = myelinated fiber. This means most of the cerebral cortex and auditory system had decreased glucose utilization but extrapyramidal system was well preserved by isoflurane anesthesia. 6) The order of decreased glucose utilization according to anatomical region was telencephalone> diencephalone > mesencephalone > metencephalone > mylencephalone, which means there is rostraI to caudal gradient of glucose utilization. In other words, forebrain was more affected than the hindbrain, so unconsciousness can be achieved with isoflurane with no specific effect on respiration, blood pressure or temperature. 7) Local cerebral blood flow was significantly increased in anesthetized group, and was especiaBy more increased in 0.5 MAC anesthetized group, but some regions (cerebellum white, thalamus) showed decreased blood flow. 8) The order of increased cerebral blood flow was visual system > sensory motor system > auditory system= limbic system > extrapyramidal system) myelinated fiber> cerebral association area in the 0.5 MAC group; but in the 1.0 MAC group, it was visual system>limbic system>extrapyramidal system>sensorymotor system auditory system>myelinated fiber>cerebral association are. 9) The order of increased cerebral blood flow according to the anatomical region was mesencephalon>myelencephalon>diencephalon>telencephalon Metencephalone in 0.5 the MAC group but in the 1.0 MAC group, it was myelencephalon>mesencephalon>diencephalon>telencephalon>metencephalon. 10) There was flow-metabolism uncoupling, although much less than with other inhalation anesthetics, with low metaholism and high blood flow by isoflurane anesthesia. The ratio (1-CBF/ 1-CMRg) was four times greater than control group in the 0.5 MAC group, and three times greater in the 1.0 MAC. 11) Some nucleus of limbic system were prominent in glucose utilization with no significant eidence of limbic seizure but may have some degree of protective effect in the hypoxic or ischemic brain.