Avaliação do teor de manganês em Pereskia grandfolia Haw / Evaluation of the manganese content in Pereskia grandfolia Haw

Pereskia grandfolia Haw, popularmente conhecida no Brasil como ora - pro - nobis, é considerada planta medicinal, classificada como uma hortaliça folhosa não convencional. É de fácil cultivo e propagação, de sabor agradável, rica em proteína. Pesquisas experimentais e clínicas têm reforçado a importância do manganês na saúde humana. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a presença do micronutriente manganês nas folhas, no caule e nas flores da P. grandfolia Haw. A análise do mineral foi realizada utilizando espectrofotometria de absorção atômica acoplado a UV visível. Foi observado maior quantidade de manganês nas folhas da hortaliça (63,6 mg/kg). No caule 1,9 mg/Kg e nas flores não foi encontrado este mineral. Portanto, ora-pro-nobis pode complementar as necessidades diárias de manganês.

Avaliação do teor de zinco em Pereskia grandfolia Haw / Evaluation of the zinc content in Pereskia grandfolia Haw

A utilização de alimentos alternativos para o combate à fome na população de baixa renda é assunto que tem recebido atenção no Brasil nos últimos anos. O ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia grandfolia Haw), é uma planta de origem tropical de uso popular como alimento e medicinal, objeto de interesse na indústria alimentícia e farmacológica nos últimos anos, pelo alto teor de proteínas, lisina e mucilagem que apresenta. Estudos têm reforçado a importância do zinco na saúde humana. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a presença do micronutriente zinco nas folhas, no caule e nas flores da Pereskia grandfolia Haw. A análise do mineral foi realizada utilizando espectrofotometria de absorção atômica acoplado a UV visível. Foi observado maior quantidade de zinco nas flores da hortaliça (24,8 mg/Kg). Nas folhas o resultado foi 23,8 mg/Kg e no caule 17,8 mg/Kg. Portanto, ora-pro-nobis pode complementar as necessidades diárias de zinco.

Nutrition facts and limits for micronutrients in tree species used in urban forestry

ABSTRACT There is a huge lack of researches that evaluate the nutritional limits in tree species used in urban forestry, especially in terms of micronutrients. This study aimed to establish limits and range of micronutrients levels for the proper development of tree species utilized in urban forestry. The study was conducted in the city of Santa Maria-RS-Brazil. Through forest inventory, 23 forest species present in urban forest were selected, and 05 vegetative branches of each tree were collected, in which the contents of B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were analyzed. Ranges of micronutrients' contents were developed for class limits criteria. Nutritional problems were detected for B, Cu and Zn in G. robusta and S. cumini, indicating a need of fertilization and management of these trees. The levels of Mn were within an adequate range only for the species C. illinoensis and H. chrysotrichus. The contents of B were higher than the level considered adequate for H. chrysotrichusand M. nigra. The rates of Fe showed high levels for E. japonica, H. chrysotrichusand S. babylonica. The estimated nutritional limits enable a greater control in the classification of the results for each tree species utilized in urban forestry.

Estresse oxidativo e micronutrientes na hanseníase / Oxidative stress and micronutrients in leprosy

Objetivo Avaliar o estresse oxidativo, perfil antioxidante e de micronutrientes em pacientes portadores de hanseníase multibacilar e paucibacilar antes do tratamento poliquimioterápico. Métodos Analisaram-se 52 amostras de soro de pacientes portadores de hanseníase - 38 multibacilares e 14 paucibacilares -, usuários do ambulatório de dermatologia de um hospital público universitário, além de 30 amostras controles. Quantificaram-se marcador de peroxidação lipídica malondialdeído pelo método de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, antioxidante glutationa reduzida pelo método baseado na quantificação de tiol solúvel em ácido, antioxidante vitamina E por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, minerais selênio, zinco, cobre, magnésio por espectrometria de massa com fonte plasma acoplado, e sorologia do anticorpo glicolipídio fenólico I pelo método Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Foi utilizado teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney para comparar as variáveis quantificadas neste estudo entre os diferentes grupos, e correlação de Pearson para verificar associação dessas variáveis com o anticorpo. O critério de significância adotado foi de p<0,05. Resultados Houve diferença significativa para o malondialdeído (p<0,001) e vitamina E (p<0,001) no grupo controle comparado aos grupos com hanseníase, multibacilar e paucibacilar. No entanto, essas mesmas variáveis não diferiram entre os grupos multibacilar e paucibacilar (p=0,495 e p=0,920 respectivamente). A glutationa reduzida foi superior no grupo controle em relação ao grupo com hanseníase (p=0,012) e multibacilar (p=0,001), no entanto não diferiu do grupo paucibacilar (p=0,920). Quando comparada com os multibacilares e paucibacilares, a glutationa reduzida também não diferiu (p=0,063). Quanto aos minerais, todos se apresentaram dentro da normalidade, exceto o magnésio, cujos níveis foram deficientes em todos os pacientes do estudo. Não foi possível observar correlação do ...

Objective To determine the oxidative stress and the antioxidant and micronutrient profile of patients with multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy before polychemotherapeutic treatment. Methods Thirty control samples and fifty-two serum samples from leprosy patients who attended the dermatology outpatient clinic of a public university hospital were analyzed; 38 of them had multibacillary and 14 paucibacillarty. Malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation, was determined using the thiobarbituric acid reacting substances assay; the antioxidant reduced glutathione was determined using a method based on the quantification of acid-soluble thiol; the antioxidant vitamin E was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography; the minerals selenium, zinc, copper and magnesium were determined using coupled-mass spectrometry, and the serum phenol I glycolipid antibody was determined using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the variables quantified in the present study between the different groups, and Pearson's correlation analysis was used to verify the association between these variables and the antibody. The significance level was set at p<0.05. Results There was a significant difference in the content of malondialdehyde (p<0.001) and vitamin E (p<0.001) between the groups with multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy (p=0.495 and p=0.920, respectively) and the control groups. Reduced glutathione levels were higher in the control group compared with those of the group with leprosy (p=0.012) and multibacillary leprosy (p=0.001), but did it not differ from that of the paucibacillary group (p=0.920). Reduced glutathione levels did not differ between the multibacillary and paucibacillary groups (p=0.063) either. All minerals were within normal limits, except for magnesium; magnesium deficiency was detected in all groups studied. No correlation was observed between the ...

Physiological indexese macro- and micronutrients in plant tissue and essential oil of Mentha piperita L. grown in nutrient solution with variation in N, P, K and Mg levels / Índices fisiológicos, macro e micronutrientes no tecido vegetal e óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. cultivada em solução nutritiva com variação de N, P, K e Mg.

Mentha piperita L. is an aromatic and medicinal species of the family Lamiaceae, known as mint or peppermint, and its leaves and branches produce essential oil rich in menthol. This study aimed to evaluate physiological indexes, macro- and micronutrients inthe shootsand essential oil of Mentha piperita L. grown in nutrient solution number 2 of Hoagland and Arnon (1950) with different N, P, K and Mg levels. Shoot length, dry mass of the different organs, total dry mass, leaf area, essential oil yield and composition, and macronutrient (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S) and micronutrient (Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn) contents in the shoot were evaluated. Plants treated with 65%N/50%P/25%K/100%Mg had a tendency towards longer shoot, greaterroot and leaf blade dry masses, higher essential oil yield, higher menthol levels and lower menthone levels. The results showed that Mentha can be grown in nutrient solution by reducing 65% N, 50% P, 25% K and 100% Mg. This solution had better development compared to the other tested treatments. Therefore,we recommendMentha piperita L. to be grown with such nutrient levels.

Mentha piperita L., é uma espécie aromática e medicinal pertencente à família Lamiaceae, conhecida como menta ou hortelã-pimenta que produz em sua parte aérea óleo essencial rico em mentol. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os índices fisiológicos, macro e micronutrientes na parte aérea e óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. cultivada em solução nutritiva numero Hoagland e Arnon (1950) com variação dos níveis de N, P, K e Mg. Foram avaliados comprimento da parte aérea, massa seca dos diferentes órgãos e total, área foliar, rendimento e composição do óleo essencial, teor de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Mg, Ca e S), e de micronutrientes (Mn, Cu, Fe e Zn) na parte aérea. As plantas nutridas com 65% de N, 50% de P, 25% de K, e 100% de Mg, apresentaram tendência de maior comprimento de parte aérea e massa seca de raízes e de lâminas foliares; maior rendimento de óleo essencial e, em média, maiores teores de mentol e menores teores de mentona. O resultados permitem concluir que a Mentha pode ser cultivada em solução nutritiva reduzindo-se 65% de N, 50% de P, 25% de K e 100% de Mg. Esta solução apresentou melhor desenvolvimento em relação aos outros tratamentos. Recomenda-se, portanto, o cultivo da Mentha piperita L. com tais níveis de nutrientes.

Estudo da associação de micronutrientes ( zinco, cobre e ferro) na infecção, e ou progressão para leishmaniose tegumentar em duas comunidades rurais do Estado da Bahia / Study of micronutrients Association (zinc, copper and iron) in infection and or progression to cutaneous leishmaniasis in two rural communities in the state of Bahia

A leishmaniose tegumentar (LT) é um problema de saúde pública nas Américas, não somente por sua alta incidência e ampla distribuição geográfica, mas também, pela possibilidade de produzir úlceras persistentes e desfigurantes. É endêmica no Brasil, ocorrendo em ambientes florestais e extraflorestais. A detecção de áreas de alto risco para a infecção humana pode auxiliar na implementação de estratégias de controle mais eficientes nas áreas endêmicas rurais. Objetivos: descrever as características epidemiológicas, prevalência da infecção por Leishmania ssp nas populações do povoado de São Gonçalo/Contendas do Sinçorá - Bahia e no Distritode Florestal/Município de Jequié, Bahia, correlacionando os fatores de risco estabelecidos na literatura com os diferentes grupos estudados (indivíduos infectados, não infectados, e doentes) e avaliar a influencia da desnutrição na infecção e ou progressão para a doença, para isso, foram avaliados parâmetros bioquímicos como dosagem de fosfatase alcalina e ferritina, além dos níveis de metais Zn, Cu e Fe no plasma dos indivíduos.Material e Métodos - desenvolveu-se um estudo de corte transversal, através de inquérito epidemiológico, e imunoalérgico (exames intradermorreação de Montenegro/IDRM, e sorológico/ELISA). Foram cadastradas 36 famílias (170 indivíduos) de São Gonçalo e 129 famílias (480 indivíduos) de Florestal...

The cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a public health problem in the Americas, not only for its high incidence and wide geographical distribution, but also by the possibility of establishing persistent and disfiguring ulcers. It is endemic in Brazil, occurring in forest and around environments. The detection of high-risk areas for human infection may assist in implementing strategies for more efficient control in rural endemic areas. Objectives -.This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics, prevalence of Leishmania spp, infection in populations of São Gonçalo a rural communities/Contendas do Sincorá - Bahia and Florestal (District/Jequié, Bahia), correlating risk factors established in the literature with different groups studied (infected individuals not infected, and patients) and assess the influence of malnutrition on infection and progression for disease, for that biochemical parameters will be evaluated as measure alkaline phosphatase and ferritin, beyond the levels of metals Zn, Cu and Fe in the plasma of subjects. Materials and Metholds.- We developed a cross-sectional study through epidemiologic and immunological investigation (Montenegro skin tests/MST, and serological/ELISA). 36 families (170 individuals) of São Gonçalo and 129 families (480 individuals) were registered in Florestal District...

Concentración estacional de micronutrientes en hojas de cuatro especies forestales del Parque Chaqueño, Argentina / Seasonal micronutrients concentration in leaves of four forest species from Parque Chaqueño, Argentina

Nutrients cycling is a fundamental component in the functioning of forest ecosystems. Leaves of different forest species observe specific chemical composition, and some seasonal differences in biomass production, may be related to climate fluctuations and/or changes in plant phenology and the variation on nutrient contents. The objective of this study was to analyze the seasonal variability of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations in leaves of Gleditsia amorphoides (Ga); Patagonula americana (Pa); Maclura tinctoria (Mt) and Astronium balansae (Ab) from Colonia Benítez Strict Nature Reserve (Chaco, Argentina). The leaves of each forest species were collected monthly, dried at 70ºC and their weight by tree species were recorded. Samples for analytical determinations were prepared by humid oxidation of organic substances from vegetal nets, using oxidant acids such as ternary mixture of HNO3-H2SO4-HClO4. After digestion, total micronutrients leaves concentrations were determined by atomic absortion spectrophotometry. Leaves Fe highest values were detected during fall in Mt (76.1mg/kg), Pa (75.2mg/kg), Ab (59.5mg/kg) and Ga (45.3mg/kg). Highest foliar concentrations of Mn were detected in Pa (54.0mg/kg), Ga (50.0mg/kg), Mt (48.0mg/kg), and Ab with the lower Mn concentration (39.7mg/ kg). No significant differences were found for Cu between the different forest species, standing for Pa (11.3mg/ kg), Ga and Mt (11.0mg/kg) and Ab (10.4mg/kg). With regard to leaves Zn, highest concentrations were found in Mt (347.4mg/kg), Ga (319.9mg/kg), Pa (280.2mg/kg) and Ab (255.7mg/kg). Generally, a marked seasonal variation was observed for Mn and Cu concentrations (except in Ga) and Zn (except in Pa), with no statistical differences for Fe. in the species studied, the concentration of micronutrients analyzed showed a marked and erratic seasonal variation, attributed to the relationship established between the native species, and the strong influence of the environment over a long period of time, especially temperature and rainfall.

El ciclo de nutrientes es uno de los componentes fundamentales en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas forestales. Las hojas de diferentes especies forestales muestran distinta composición química y diferencias estacionales en la producción de biomasa atribuidas a las fluctuaciones climáticas y/o cambios en la fenología de las plantas y a la variación en el contenido de nutrientes. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar la variación estacional de las concentraciones de Fe, Mn, Cu y Zn en hojas de: Gleditsia amorphoides (Ga), Patagonula americana (Pa), Maclura tinctoria (Mt) and Astronium balansae (Ab). El sitio de estudio fue localizado en la Reserva Natural Estricta de Colonia Benítez (Chaco, Argentina). Las hojas de cada especie forestal fueron recogidas mensualmente, secadas a 70ºC, se determinó su peso seco y posteriormente se molió. El análisis foliar se realizó por oxidación húmeda empleando una mezcla ternaria HNO -H SO -HclO. Después de la digestión la concentración total de micronutrientes foliares fue determinada por espectrometría de absorción atómica. Las mayores concentraciones de Fe fueron para Mt (76.1mg/kg), Pa (75.2mg/kg), Ab (59.5mg/ kg) y Ga (45.3mg/kg). En Mn las más altas concentraciones se detectaron en Pa (54.0mg/kg), Ga (50.0mg/kg), Mt (48.0mg/kg), y la menor en Ab (39.7mg/kg). No se hallaron diferencias significativas entre las especies forestales para Cu foliar en Pa (11.3mg/kg), Ga y Mt (11.0mg/kg) y Ab (10.4mg/kg). Las mayores concentraciones foliares de Zn fueron en Mt (347.4mg/kg), Ga (319.9mg/kg), Pa (280.2mg/kg) y Ab (255.7mg/kg). En las especies forestales estudiadas, la concentración de los micronutrientes analizados mostraron una errática variación estacional, que puede ser atribuida a las relaciones establecidas entre las especies nativas bajo la fuerte influencia del ambiente, especialmente temperaturas y precipitaciones, durante un largo período de tiempo.

Influência da adubação verde e diferentes adubos orgânicos na produção de fitomassa aérea de atroveran (Ocimum selloi Benth. ) / Influence of green manure and different organic manure on production of aereal phytomass of Ocimum selloi

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito de diferentes adubos orgânicos em associação ou não com adubo verde na produção de folhas de Ocimum selloi Benth., planta nativa do Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Embrapa Meio Ambiente (CNPMA), localizado no município de Jaguariúna, em duas áreas distintas, sendo uma delas submetidas anteriormente ao plantio e incorporação de adubo verde (Crotalaria juncea). Os tratamentos utilizados foram T1 - testemunha (solo sem adubação), T2 - cama de aviário (5 kg m-2), T3 - hidrolisado de peixe (produto comercial Fishfértil - 5 mL m-2) e T4 - composto orgânico (4 kg m-2). A colheita foi realizada 180 dias após o plantio, em janeiro de 2011, sendo colhidas as plantas úteis (quatro plantas por parcela). Avaliou-se o rendimento de fitomassa fresca e seca. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o esquema fatorial 2x4, com quatro repetições (blocos). As médias obtidas foram submetidas à análise de variância seguida de teste de médias (Tukey). Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a cama de aviário apresentou resultados mais satisfatórios quanto à produção de folhas de Ocimum selloi quando comparados aos demais tratamentos orgânicos, não se observando incremento nos resultados pela associação com o adubo verde Crotalaria juncea.

The aim of this work was to avail the effect of different manures in association or nor with green manure on yield of leaves of Ocimum selloi Benth. The assay was accomplished on experimental area of Embrapa Environmental (Jaguariúna district), at two different spaces (with or without green manure Crotalaria juncea). The treatments used were T1 - witness (no manure), T2 - chicken manure (5 kg m-2), T3 - commercial product Fishfértil - 5 mL m-2) and T4 - composting (4 kg m-2). The cut was realized on 180 days after the planting (january - 2011), and were collected four plants/ plot. The yield of dried and fresh Ocimum selloi phytomass was availed. The experimental design was factorial scheme (2x4), with four repetitions. The treatment with chicken manure showed best results on Ocimum selloi leaves yield than the others treatments, but did not was influence by using Crotalaria juncea.

Evaluation of Viola betonicifolia for its nutrition value

In the present study, Viola betonicifolia [whole plant] and solvent fractions obtained thereof were evaluated for various micronutrients such as lead, copper, chromium, iron, nickel, zinc, cadmium, cobalt and macronutrients such as sodium, potassium and calcium using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and flame photometry respectively. It was observed that cobalt and cadmium were not detectible in tested samples while remaining nutrients were present in variable concentrations. The concentrations of all metals were compared with the recommended limits for plants and the daily consumption of all the nutrients were calculated on the basis of dose [15 g/70 kg/day or 214 mg/Kg body weight] prescribed by hakims in their practice. The concentration of chromium was far beyond the recommended limits in almost all the samples. Proximate analysis was carried out in the powdered form of the plant. Viola betonicifolia appeared as a good source of life essential nutrients like fats [18.70%], proteins [15.70%], carbohydrates [21.42%], fiber [39.01%] and vitamin C [150 mg/100 g]. In conclusion, Viola betonicifolia is an excellent source of various micro and macronutrients for human being and can be used safely as a nutritional supplement

Efecto de nutrientes sobre la producción de biomasa del hongo medicinal Ganoderma lucidum / Effect of nutrients in the biomass production of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

El hongo Ganoderma lucidum, en los constituyentes de su biomasa, tiene compuestos con propiedades benéficas para la salud; es por esto que el conocimiento de las condiciones nutricionales adecuadas para su crecimiento permitirá su producción industrial y a bajo costo. En este trabajo se evaluó a nivel de matraz el efecto de la relación C/N, y la presencia de diferentes fuentes de carbono, nitrógeno y micronutrientes sobre la producción de biomasa. Empleando glucosa y peptona como fuentes de carbono y nitrógeno, respectivamente, se encontró una relación C/N óptima de 16,7:1 para la cual la máxima producción de biomasa fue de 25 g/L. Manteniendo esta relación C/N, y sustituyendo la glucosa por lactosa o harina de cebada y la peptona por extracto de levadura, la producción de biomasa se incrementó a 35 g/L. En presencia de harina de cebada la adición al medio de cultivo de sales de Mg y K, y de tiamina, no generó un mayor incremento en la producción de biomasa. La producción de biomasa de G. lucidum se ve favorecida por la presencia en el medio de cultivo de relaciones C/N cercanas a las reportadas conforme a la composición típica de los hongos, así como por la presencia de sustratos complejos como la harina de cebada que le aportan además de la fuente de carbono micronutrientes necesarios para su desarrollo.

Ganoderma lucidum fungus has some biomass components with beneficial health properties. The knowledge about its nutritionals requirements for growing will favor its industrial production at lower cost. In this work, the effect of C/N ratio, the presence of different carbon, nitrogen and micronutrients sources, on fungal biomass production, were evaluated. Using glucose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, an optimal C/N ratio of 16,7:1 was found, for which the maximal biomass production was 25 g/L. Replacing glucose by lactose or barley flour and peptone by yeast extract at the same C/N ratio, the biomass production was enhanced to 35 g/L. With barley flour in the culture medium, the presence of Mg and K salts and thiamine did not turn out into a major increase of biomass. The G. lucidum biomass production is promoted by C/N ratios in the culture medium nearly equivalent to that found in the fungus, as well as the presence of complex substrates as barley flour which, additionally, contributes with important micronutrients along with the carbon source.

Cooking process evaluation on mercury content in fish / Influência do processo de cocção no teor de mercúrio em peixes

This study evaluated different cooking processes (roasted, cooked and fried) on total mercury (Hg) content in fish species most consumed by Manaus residents and surrounding communities, Amazon region. The results obtained for total Hg in natura and after the three types of preparation (roasted, cooked and fried) for 12 fish species showed a significant Hg concentration variation. In the present study the cooked and frying processes resulted in higher Hg losses for Pacu, Pescada, Jaraqui, Curimatã, Surubin and Aruanã fish species, most of them presenting detritivorous and carnivorous feeding habits. The higher Hg losses in the roasting process occurred for Sardinha, Aracu, Tucunaré, Pirapitinga, Branquinha and Tambaqui fish species, most of them being omnivorous and herbivorous fish species. Some micronutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Na, Se and Zn) in fish species in natura were also determined in order to perform a nutritional evaluation regarding these micronutrients.

O presente estudo avaliou três diferentes processos de cocção (assado, cozido e frito) e sua relação com o teor de mercúrio total (Hg) em espécies de peixes comumente consumidas pela população de Manaus e comunidades vizinhas da região Amazônica. Os resultados obtidos para Hg total in natura (antes) e após os três tipos de preparo (assado, cozido e frito) para as 12 espécies de peixes selecionadas apresentaram uma significativa variação na concentração. Os processos de cozimento e fritura resultaram em maiores perdas de Hg para as espécies Pacu, Pescada, Jaraqui, Curimatã, Surubin e Aruanã sendo a maioria delas classificadas como espécies detritívoras e carnívoras. As maiores perdas de Hg no processo assado ocorreram para as espécies Sardinha, Aracu, Tucunaré, Pirapitinga, Branquinha e Tambaqui, a maioria classificadas como espécies omnivoras e herbivoras. Alguns micronutrientes (Ca, Fe, K, Na, Se e Zn) nas espécies de peixes in natura foram determinados com o objetivo de fazer uma avaliação nutricional em relação a esses constituintes.

Application of Dietary Reference Intakes in dietary intake assessment of female university healthcare students in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil / Aplicação das Dietary Reference Intakes na avaliação do consumo alimentar de estudantes universitárias da área de saúde em Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

University students are usually in their late adolescence and early adult life and this is a moment in life when social changes occur and new eating patterns and habits tend to become established. Then, the energy and micronutrient intake of 112 healthcare students from a public university in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, was evaluated by applying a non-consecutive 3-day dietary record. The energy intake was compared to the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER), and the mean micronutrient intake was compared to the (Estimated Average Requirement) EAR value. To evaluate the prevalence of inadequacy, the ISU (Iowa State University) method was used, and prevalence was calculated by the PC-Side software. It was possible to observe that energy intake was adequate and statistically similar to the recommendation for the population, according to age and gender. High intake inadequacy percentages were found for vitamin E (97.74%), zinc (38%) and thiamine (30%). For vitamins B6, B12 and A, lower inadequacy values were found (27%, 18%, 14.79%, respectively). The results showed an unbalanced dietary quality of most healthcare students, which raises concerns, since they should value a healthy diet and act as real multipliers of such information in society.

Estudiantes universitarios se encuentran generalmente entre el fin de la adolescencia y el inicio de la vida adulta, momento de câmbios sociales, de hábitos alimentares con adquisición de nuevos modelos. Debido a esto, fue evaluada la energía y la ingestión de micronutrientes de 112 estudiantes de salud de una universidad pública en São Paulo, Brasil, utilizando un registro de la dieta de 3 días. La ingesta de energía se comparó con las Estimated Energy Requirement (EER), y la ingesta promedio de micronutrientes en comparación con las Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Para evaluar la prevalencia de insuficiencia, fue utilizado el método ISU (Iowa State University) y la prevalencia fue calculada por el software PC-Side. Fue posible observar que el consumo de energía es adecuada y estadísticamente similar a la recomendación para la población. Altas porcentajes de insuficiencia de consumose encontraron para vitamina E (97,74%), zinc (38%) y tiamina (30%). Para las vitaminas B6, B12 y A, se encontraron valores más bajos (27%, 18%, 14,79%, respectivamente). Los resultados mostraron un desequilibrio en la dieta de la mayoría de los estudiantes de salud, locual es preocupante, puesto que deben conocer el valor de una dieta saludable y actuar como verdaderos multiplicadores de dicha información.

Estudantes universitários encontram-se geralmente no final da adolescência e início da vida adulta, momento na vida em que ocorrem mudanças sociais e novos padrões e hábitos alimentares tendem a se estabelecer. Assim, o consumo de energia e de micronutrientes de 112 estudantes de saúde de uma universidade pública no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi avaliado através de um registro alimentar de 3 dias não-consecutivos. O consumo de energia foi comparado ao Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) e a ingestão média de micronutrientes foi comparada ao valor de Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Para avaliar a prevalência de inadequação, o método ISU (Iowa State University) foi utilizado, e a prevalência de inadequação de consumo foi calculada pelo software PC-Side. Foi possível observar que o consumo de energia foi adequado e estatisticamente semelhante à recomendação para a população, de acordo com idade e sexo. Altas porcentagens de consumo inadequado foram encontradas para vitamina E (97,74%), zinco (38%) e tiamina (30%). Para as vitaminas B6, B12 e A, menores valores foram encontrados (27%, 18%, 14,79%, respectivamente). Os resultados mostraram um desequilíbrio na qualidade da alimentação da maioria dos estudantes de saúde, o que é preocupante, uma vez que estes deveriam valorizar a alimentação saudável e atuar como verdadeiros multiplicadores dessas informações na sociedade.

Adecuación de la dieta servida a escolares en albergues indigenistas de la Sierra Tarahumara, México / Adequacy of the diet served to Tarahumara children in indigenous boarding schools of northern Mexico

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la adecuación y variación de la dieta servida a escolares de albergues indigenistas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Durante diez semanas se evaluó la dieta servida en dos albergues documentando el tipo/cantidad de ingredientes empleados para preparar alimentos/bebidas y registrando la ración ofrecida mediante la técnica de pesos y medidas; se analizó la dieta servida los martes-miércoles-jueves de las semanas 3-5-7. RESULTADOS: Se utilizaron 33-46 ingredientes/semana; los más frecuentes fueron aceite, tortillas de harina de maíz fortificada, leche, cebolla, azúcar y frijol. La energía total en la ración diaria fluctuó entre 1309 y 2919 kcal; las proteínas constituyeron 10.5-21.2 por ciento (45-127 g/día), los hidratos de carbono 40.7-61.9 por ciento (145-433 g/día), y los lípidos 22.5-48.1 por ciento (45-125 g/día). El contenido diario de micronutrimentos fue el siguiente: hierro, 15-33 mg; calcio, 686-1795 mg; zinc, 8-19 mg; vitamina A, 118-756 mcg; vitamina B9, 42-212 mcg y vitamina B12, 0.8-5 mcg. CONCLUSIÓN: Existe una variación importante en la dieta servida que resulta relativamente hipercalórica por exceso de lípidos, pero con un contenido insuficiente de vitaminas B9, B12 y A.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the adequacy and variability of the diet served to Tarahumara children in indigenous boarding schools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of food and drinks served for meals, weighed daily, were obtained from Monday through Friday for 10 consecutive weeks in two selected boarding schools. Nutrient intake for Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays was calculated and analyzed for weeks 3, 5 and 7. RESULTS: The number of food items used per week ranged from 33 to 46. The most frequently utilized items were cooking oil, fortified corn tortilla, milk, onion, sugar and beans. Total energy served per day fluctuated between 1309 and 2919 Kcal; proteins comprised 10.5 to 21.2 percent (45 to 127 g/day), carbohydrates 40.7 to 61.9 percent (145 to 433 g/day), and lipids 22.5 to 48.1 percent (45 to 125 g/day) of the total. Daily micronutrient content ranges were: iron 15-33 mg, calcium 686-1795 mg, zinc 8-19 mg, vitamin A 118-756 mcg, vitamin B9 42-212 mcg, and vitamin B12 0.8-5 mcg. CONCLUSION: There was significant daily variability in the diet, which was hypercaloric due to the high lipid content, and yet insufficient in vitamins B9, B12 and A.

Qualidade nutricional e gastos com a alimentação de pré-escolares / Nutritional quality and food expenditure in preschool children

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação dos gastos com a alimentação e a qualidade dietética de pré-escolares de baixa condição socioeconômica, considerando a ingestão de micronutrientes e alimentos de alta densidade de açúcar e gordura. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 346 crianças de 3 a 4 anos de idade que participaram do estudo "Dez passos em ação I" (BRATSA I), uma coorte aninhada a um ensaio de campo randomizado. Foram realizados dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. Calculou-se o gasto com a alimentação utilizando o preço dos alimentos coletado em diferentes estabelecimentos e ajustado para as quantidades ingeridas. RESULTADOS: A média de gasto com a alimentação das crianças estimada para um mês foi de R$ 100,17±34,1. A ingestão de ferro (r = 0,115; p = 0,033), zinco (r = 0,214; p < 0,001) e vitaminas A (r = 0,197; p < 0,001) e C (r = 0,162; p < 0,001), ajustada para 1.000 kcal, mostrou correlação positiva com os gastos com alimentação/1.000 kcal. Não houve diferença significativa nos gastos com alimentação/1.000 kcal em relação ao risco para excesso de peso (p = 0,208) e ao consumo de alimentos de alta concentração de açúcar e gordura (p = 0,894 e p = 0,964). CONCLUSÕES: O estudo mostrou que o consumo de energia fornecido por alimentos ricos em açúcar e gordura não está associado com os gastos com a alimentação de crianças de 3 a 4 anos; por outro lado, a qualidade nutricional, avaliada pela ingestão de micronutrientes essenciais, mostrou correlação positiva com os gastos com a alimentação.

OBJECTIVE: To assess correlations between the cost and the nutritional quality of the diets of preschool children from low socioeconomic status families, taking into account intakes of micronutrients and foods with high concentrations of sugars and fats. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study undertaken with 346 children aged 3 to 4 years recruited for the "Ten steps in action" (BRATSA I) study, who comprise a nested cohort from the randomized field study. Two 24-hour dietary recall surveys were conducted. Expenditure on food was calculated by taking the price of each food, as verified at a number of different establishments, and adjusting it for the quantity eaten. RESULTS: Mean expenditure on food for one child was R$ 100.17±34.1 per month. There was a positive correlation between intakes of iron (r = 0.115; p = 0.033), zinc (r = 0.214; p < 0.001), and vitamins A (r = 0.197; p < 0.001) and C (r = 0.162; p < 0.001), adjusted to 1,000 kcal, and expenditure on food/1,000 kcal. There were no significant relationships between expenditure on food/1,000 kcal and risk of overweight (p = 0.208) or intake of foods with a high fat or sugar content (p = 0.894 and p = 0.964). CONCLUSIONS: The study found that consumption of energy provided by fat and sugar-rich foods was not associated with expenditure on feeding these 3-to-4-year-olds. In contrast, nutritional quality, assessed in the form of essential micronutrient intakes, demonstrated a positive correlation with food costs.

Efecto de la alimentación complementaria y micronutrientes enel estado nutricional del niño / Effect of complementary feeding and micronutrients in nutritional status of children

El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la influencia de la alimentación complementaria y el aporte de los micronutrientes en los niños. Es conocida la falta de un aporte nutricional adecuado en la población más vulnerable de nuestro país, como son los lactantes y pre-escolares, debido a un conjunto de factores socioeconómicos que derivan en estados carenciales importantes.

Perfil de riesgo nutricional en la adolescente embarazada / Profile of nutritional risk in pregnant adolescents

A sample of 215 adolescents (16.9 +/- 0.7 y; 13-18 y) from a low socioeconomic level of Valencia, Venezuela, at their first trimester of pregnancy were studied in order to identify nutritional risk. Socioeconomic, anthropometrical, hematological and dietary characteristic were assessed. Pregestational weight, actual weight, height, arm circumference (AC), triceps skin fold (TS), fat and muscle area (FA/MA) and pregestational body mass index (PBMI) were determined. Hemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin were measured by colorimetric and ELISA methods. Two 24 hour recalls were obtained. According to age, two groups were created. Pregnant adolescents were grouped by age: Group 1, 13 to 15 years old and Group 2, 16 to 18 years old. Nutritional risk was defined as: Gynecological age lower than 4 years since menarche. PBMI < 19.8 kg/m2, height below 10th Percentile of reference, Hb below 11 g/dL and ferritin < 12 micrograms/L. Almost all the adolescents (96.3 per cent) were in poverty. 83.3 per cent were single, 83.3 per cent were at elementary school before pregnancy but 84.1 per cent were attending house chores at the time of exam. There were significant differences (p < 0.001) for gynecological age and menarche age, but not for anthropometrical, hematological and dietary variables when Group 1 was compared to group 2. 35.3 per cent of the adolescents had a gynecological age lower than 4 years, 23.3 per cent were below 10th percentile for height, 36.3 per cent had a PBMI lower than 19.8 kg/m2, 26.5 per cent were below 10th percentile for arm circumference, anemia was present in 13.7 per cent and low levels of ferritin in 18.4 per cent of the adolescents. Calorie intake was below recommendation in 87.3 per cent and adequacy for vitamin A and C, calcium and zinc were below 2/3 of recommendation in 36.3 per cent. 25.9 per cent, 88.7 per cent and 73.5 per cent of the adolescents respectively. Studied adolescents had a high prevalence of risk factors for nutritional deficiencies (short age, poverty, low weight, anemia and deficient intake). Early assessment of this conditions allows to identify the risk, to establish interventions and to monitor pregnancy evolution.

Evaluación dietética de adolescentes embarazadas durante el primer, segundo y tercer trimestre / Dietary evaluation of pregnant adolescents during first, second and third trimester

In order to identify risk of inadequate intake of calories and nutrients during pregnancy, 75 pregnant adolescents (14 to 18 years old) apparently healthy, from low socioeconomic level, in their first prenatal control (12 weeks) were studied by two 24 hour recalls and a food frequency questionnaire at each trimester. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (pregestation weight/height) and classified according to American Medicine Institute reference. Paired t-test, frequency distribution and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Low weight was found in 34.6 per cent of adolescent at the first visit and 5.3 per cent were overweight. Even though, caloric intake was below recommendation, significant increases were observed between first and second trimester for energy, carbohydrates, niacin and zinc (p < 0.001) and for fat, proteins, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin C, calcium and iron (p < 0.05). From second to third trimester, differences (p < 0.05) were significant only for vitamin A. Between first and third trimester, differences were significant (p < 0.05) for energy, proteins, carbohydrates, niacin, riboflavin, zinc and for thiamin, vitamin A and calcium (p < 0.05). A high proportion of pregnant adolescent did not reach recommendations for energy, folate, calcium and zinc. Food intake pattern did not change significantly among trimesters. Mean total weight gain was 9.2 kg and 0.412 +/- 0.4 g/week. Newborn's mean weight was 3.221 +/- 418 grams. It is concluded that adolescents are at high nutritional risk and deficiency of dietary intake should be followed. Attention should be addressed from the preconceptional period to postpartum in order to improve maternal and fetal conditions.

Caracterización química y sensorial de biscochuelos enriquecidos con fibra dietética y micronutrientes para el anciano / Chemical and sensory characterization of cakes enriched with dietary fiber and micronutrient for the elderly

This study presents the development of individual cakes enriched with dietary fiber (lupin and oat fiber), vitamins and minerals; as recent research has shown that the average daily dietary fibre intake of the elderly population in Chile is only 12 g. Each cake contains 4.8 g of dietary fibre and a 30 per cent of the RDA of vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, E, nicotinamide and folic acid, 40 per cent of the RDA of vitamin D3, 15 per cent of the RDA of calcium, 12 per cent of the RDA of magnesium and 3 per cent the RDA of zinc. Polydextrose and sorbitol were added to improve flavor and texture. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for optimization, based on a two-variable composite design. Thirteen experimental runs were carried out, with polydextrose (1 to 40 per cent based on flour content) and sorbitol (1 to 30 per cent based on flour content) as independent variables. The response variable was sensory quality obtained by the Karlsruhe test. Sensory attributes of texture and overall quality showed a good fitting with high determination coefficients and were used for optimization. The optimized cake contained 11.5 per cent polydextrose and 4.4 per cent sorbitol (both based on flour content). Quality of the optimized product was controlled by means of physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory analyses. Overall sensory quality was 8.18 (very good) and good quality and nutritive value were achieved. In an acceptance test carried out with 150 adults, 100 per cent acceptability was obtained in the hedonic scale categories like it and like it very much. A shelf life study performed with cakes packaged in polypropylene bags of 30 microns thickness indicated a shelf life of 13 days stored at room conditions (25 degrees C and 55-60 per cent R.H.).