Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Spironolactone/adverse effects , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/adverse effects , Death, Sudden/etiology , Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/adverse effects , Ontario , Spironolactone/administration & dosage , Case-Control Studies , Confidence Intervals , Odds Ratio , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/administration & dosage , Risk Factors , Age Factors , Drug Interactions , Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects , Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/administration & dosage , Hyperkalemia/chemically induced , Hyperkalemia/mortality , Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary/administration & dosage , Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The beneficial effect angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA) for diabetic nephropathy can be hampered by the phenomenon of aldosterone escape. Aldosterone antagonists such as espironolactone or epleronone could potentiate the effects of ACEI and ARA and avoid the later problem. We performed a systematic search of the literature on the effects of aldosterone antagonists on diabetic nephropathy. We searched for clinical trials and follow up studies measuring the effects of aldosterone antagonists on urinary albumin excretion among patients with diabetic nephropathy. We retrieved 1345 papers on the subject and 10 were selected for analysis. Among these, spironolactone was more effective than comparing drugs to achieve a reduction in urinary albumin excretion of approximately 30 to 40 percent. On the other hand epleronone was not superior to comparing drugs. All studies reported a modest reduction in glomerular filtration rate and an increase in serum potassium levels. In conclusion, spironolactone in doses of 25 to 100 mg/day reduces urinary albumin excretion but reduces also glomerular filtration rate and increases serum potassium levels.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use , Spironolactone/therapeutic use , Diabetic Nephropathies/drug therapy , Albuminuria/drug therapy , Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/adverse effects , Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use , Creatinine , Diabetes Mellitus , Spironolactone/analogs & derivatives , Spironolactone/adverse effects , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , PotassiumABSTRACT
La hiperkalemia es una de las principales complicaciones potenciales del uso de drogas del tipo IECA, bloqueadores ARAII y antagonistas del receptor de aldosterona, en relación a su dosis, su eventual uso combinado y la función renal del paciente. A continuación se reporta el caso de un paciente de 71 años de edad, hipertenso y diabético que se encontraba en tratamiento con Enalapril 10 mg c/12 h y Furosemida 40 mg a/ 12 h, que sufre una bloqueo aurículo ventricular de 3º grado, secundario a una hiperkalemia de 8.53 mEq/l.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Atrioventricular Block/etiology , Enalapril/adverse effects , Spironolactone/adverse effects , Hyperkalemia/complications , Hyperkalemia/chemically induced , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/adverse effects , Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/adverse effects , Risk Factors , Furosemide/adverse effects , Hyperkalemia/physiopathologyABSTRACT
FUNDAMENTO: A incidência de hiperpotassemia relacionada à espironolactona é baixa na insuficiência cardíaca estável, entretanto não foi estudada durante a descompensação. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da espironolactona na insuficiência cardíaca descompensada sobre o potássio sérico. MÉTODOS: Em um estudo de coorte, selecionamos pacientes hospitalizados por descompensação da insuficiência cardíaca, FEVE < 0,45 e potássio sérico entre 3,5 e 5,5 mEq/l. Os pacientes foram divididos segundo o uso da espironolactona (grupo E) ou não (grupo C). O desfecho foi aumento do potássio (> 6,0 mEq/l) e uso de poliestireno de cálcio. Realizou-se a análise multivariada pela regressão logística, e p < 0,05 foi considerado significante. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 186 pacientes (grupo E: 56; grupo C: 130), FEVE 0,25, idade 55,5 anos e 65,2 por cento de homens. A incidência de hiperpotassemia foi de 10,7 por cento no grupo E e de 5,4 por cento no grupo C (p = 0,862). A análise multivariada mostrou que a uréia sérica > 60,5 mg/dl, durante a internação, apresenta risco relativo de 9,6 (IC 95 por cento 8,03 - 11,20; p = 0,005) para a ocorrência de hiperpotassemia. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de hiperpotassemia foi duas vezes maior com espironolactona, mas não estatisticamente significante. Elevação da uréia foi associada à hiperpotassemia. Estudos randomizados são necessários para esclarecer o assunto.
BACKGROUND: The incidence of hyperkalemia related to spironolactone use is low in stable heart failure; however, it has not been studied during decompensation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of spironolactone on serum potassium in decompensated heart failure (HF). METHODS: In a cohort study, patients that had been hospitalized due to decompensated HF, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 0.45 and serum potassium between 3.5 and 5.5 mEq/l were selected. The patients were divided according to spironolactone use (Group S) or no use (Group C). The outcome was potassium increase (> 6.0 mEq/l) and the use of calcium polystyrene. A multivariate analysis through logistic regression was carried out and values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 186 patients (group S: 56; group C: 130) were studied; LVEF of 0.25, aged 55.5 years and 65.2 percent of them males. The incidence of hyperkalemia was 10.7 percent in group S and 5.4 percent in group C (p = 0.862). The multivariate analysis showed that serum urea > 60.5 mg/dl during the hospitalization presents a relative risk of 9.6 (95 percentCI 8.03 - 11.20; p = 0.005) for the occurrence of hyperkalemia. CONCLUSION: The incidence of hyperkalemia was two-fold higher with spironolactone use, but it was not statistically significant. The increase in urea levels was associated to the hyperkalemia. Randomized studies are necessary to clarify this issue.