Protective effect of mulberry flavonoids on sciatic nerve in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) are a traditional Chinese medicine for blood serum glucose reduction. This study evaluated the protective effects of mulberry flavonoids on sciatic nerve in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In this study, 80 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: A (control), B (diabetic treated with saline), C-D (diabetic treated with 0.3, 0.1 g/kg mulberry flavonoids once a day for 8 weeks) and E (diabetic treated with 0.3 mg/kg methycobal). The diabetic condition was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg alloxan dissolved in saline. At the end of the experimental period, blood, and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigation. Treatment with 0.3 g/kg mulberry flavonoids significantly inhibited the elevated serum glucose (P< 0.01). The increased myelin sheath area (P< 0.01), myelinated fiber cross-sectional area and extramedullary fiber number (P< 0.05) were also reduced in alloxan-induced rats treated with 0.3 g/kg mulberry flavonoids. 0.3 g/kg mulberry flavonoids also markedly decreased onion-bulb type myelin destruction and degenerative changes of mitochondria and Schwann cells. These findings demonstrate that mulberry flavonoids may improve the recovery of a severe peripheral nerve injury in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and is likely to be useful as a potential treatment on peripheral neuropathy (PN) in diabetic rats.

Folhas de amoreira (Morus alba L.) é um medicamento tradicional chinês para a redução da glicose no soro sanguíneo. Avaliaram-se, neste trabalho, os efeitos protetores dos flavonóides de amora no nervo ciático em ratos diabéticos aloxano-induzidos. Dividiram-se 80 ratos Sprague-Dawley em cinco grupos: A (controle), B (diabétidos tratados com solução salina), C-D (diabéticos tratados com 0,3, 0,1 g/kg) e E (diabéticos tratados com 0,3 mg de metilcobal).A diabetes foi induzida por injeção intraperitoneal de 200 mg/kg de aloxana dissolvida em solução salina. No final do período experimental, obtiveram-se amostras de sangue e de tecido para investigação bioquímica e histopatológica. O tratamento com 0,3 g/kg de flavonóides da amoreira inibiu, significativamente, a elevação de glicose no soro (p <0,01). O aumento da área da bainha de mielina (p <0,01), da área de fibra da seção transversal e do número de fibras mielinizadas extramedulares (p <0,05) foi também reduzido em ratos aloxânicos, tratados com 0,3 g/kg flavonóides de amora. Flavonóides da amoreira na dose de 0,3 g/kg também diminuiram, acentuadamente, a destruição da mielina do tipo bulbo de cebola e as alterações degenerativas das células mitocôndrias e das células de Schwann. Estes resultados demonstram que os flavonóides da amoreira podem melhorar a recuperação de uma lesão nervosa periférica grave em ratos com diabetes, induzida por aloxana, e parece ser útil como tratamento potencial para a neuropatia periférica (PN) em ratos diabéticos.

Influência de cultivares de amoreira Morus spp. sobre a produção e qualidade de casulos de bicho-da-seda, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) / Influence of mulberry cultivars Morus spp. on the production and quality of silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) cocoons

O êxito da sericicultura depende em grande parte da disponibilidade de cultivares de amoreira com características agronômicas que maximizem a produção e a qualidade dos casulos do bicho-da-seda, Bombyx mori L. Os efeitos das cultivares Miura (padrão) e Korin, e dos híbridos SM 14, SM 63, SK 1, SK 4 e FM 86 sobre o desenvolvimento, produção e qualidade do casulo do bicho-da-seda foram avaliados no Instituto Agronômico de Paraná, IAPAR, Londrina, PR (23 ± 3°C; 61 ± 8 por cento RH). Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Lagartas alimentadas com folhas do híbrido SK 4 ou da cultivar Korin tiveram aumento significativo de peso em comparação com as alimentadas com folhas da cultivar padrão. O peso de casulos (ambos os sexos) e o peso de pupa (macho), obtidos com insetos criados com ‘SK 4’, foram superiores aos de insetos criados com a cultivar Miura; não houve diferença entre os demais tratamentos. O teor de seda líquida não foi influenciado pelas cultivares testadas. O peso de casca sérica obtido com lagartas alimentadas com ‘Miura’ foi similar ao de lagartas alimentadas com os demais materiais. O encasulamento concentrou-se nos dois primeiros dias e foi superior a 90 por cento em todos os tratamentos. A porcentagem de casulos de primeira variou de 80 por cento (‘SK 4’) a 90 por cento. Em geral, os resultados obtidos com as cultivares estudadas foram semelhantes ou superiores ao padrão ‘Miura’, com ênfase para o híbrido SK 4, demonstrando o potencial de uso dessas cultivares na sericicultura paranaense.

The success of sericiculture greatly depends on the availability of mulberry cultivars with agronomic characteristics that maximize the production and quality of silkworm, Bombyx mori L., cocoons. The effect of the cultivars Miura (standard) and Korin, and the hybrids SM 14, SM 63, SK 1, SK 4 and FM 86 was evaluated on silkworm development, and on cocoon production and quality, at the Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, IAPAR, in Londrina, PR, Brazil (23 ± 3°C; 61 ± 8 percent RH). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates. Larvae feeding either on ‘SK 4’ or on ‘Korin’ showed a higher weight compared to that of larvae feeding on ‘Miura". Cocoon weight (both sexes) and pupae weight (male) obtained with larvae fed on SK 4 were higher compared with that of insects that fed on ‘Miura’; there was no difference among the remaining treatments. Silk net weight was independent of the cultivar used. Cocoon shell weight was similar amongst insects raised on ‘Miura’ and on the other mulberry materials. The percentage of cocoon spinning was higher than 90 percent in all treatments, with the spinning concentrating in the first two days. The proportion of first grade cocoons varied from 80 percent (SK4) to 90 percent. The results obtained with the studied cultivars were either similar or superior to that of the standard cultivar Miura with emphasis to ‘SK 4’, thus showing the potential use of these cultivars in sericulture in the state of Paraná.

Single primer amplification reaction methods reveal exotic and indigenous mulberry varieties are similarly diverse.

Mulberry is the sole food source for mulberry silkworm and a number of indigenous and exotic varieties are used in sericulture. Studies on assessment of genetic diversity have been done amongst a few mulberry varieties using one or at the most two methods. However, no comprehensive study on a large number of varieties has been carried out. In present study, single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods have been used for determination of diversity in 27 mulberry varieties (exotic as well as indigenous), using four minisatellite core sequence primers for directed amplification of minisatellite DNA (DAMD), three simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs as primers for inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 20 arbitrary sequence decamer primers for ran-dom amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) reactions. The Jaccard coefficients were determined for the DAMD, ISSR and RAPD band data (total of 58, 39 and 235 bands respectively). All three methods revealed wide range of distances supporting a wide range of mulberry genetic diversity. A cumulative analysis of the data generated by three methods resulted in a neighbour-joining (NJ) tree that gave a better reflection of the relatedness and affinities of the varieties to each other. Comparison of the three methods by marker indices and the Mantel test of correlation indicated that though all methods were useful for the assessment of diversity in mulberry, the DAMD method was better. When considered as two groups (10 exotic and 17 indigenous varieties), the mulberry varieties in the exotic group were found to have slightly greater diversity than the indigenous ones. These results support the concept of naturalization of mulberry varieties at locales distant from their origins.