Manifestações orais e Covid-19: Revisão Sistemática da literatura / Oral Manifestations and Covid-19: Systematic literature review

A doença COVID-19, que se tornou uma pandemia em pouco espaço de tempo, apresenta uma ameaça grave para a saúde global. As condições bucais de pacientes com COVID-19 foram analisadas em vários estudos. Diante disso, observou-se que diversas manifestações bucais foram encontradas nesses pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sistemática sobre as manifestações bucais que podem estar associadas à doença COVID-19. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados Bireme, PubMed e SciELO, no período de 30 de abril de 2021 a 11 de maio de 2023. A busca utilizou os descritores "COVID-19", "coronavirus" e "oral manifestations". Foram utilizados como critério de inclusão a presença do artigo completo disponível na íntegra e publicado nos anos de 2020 a 2023 e excluídos aqueles que não relatavam alguma manifestação da COVID-19 ou que não abordavam formas de tratamento. Foram incluídos 19 artigos. As informações foram compiladas de forma a compreender a importância de se investigar as manifestações orais em decorrência dessa doença, devido a sua importância internacional dadas às suas circunstâncias devastadoras. Concluiu-se que é notável a importância da anamnese e o exame intraoral para diagnosticar as manifestações orais nos pacientes sob suspeita ou confirmados com a COVID-19, e o diagnóstico precoce das alterações é fundamental para assegurar um suporte adequado ao paciente acometido. Mais estudos são necessários para comprovar a associação direta entre a COVID-19 e as manifestações orais relatadas.

COVID-19, which has become a pandemic in a short time, poses a serious threat to global health. The oral conditions of patients with COVID-19 have been analyzed in several studies. Therefore, it was observed that several manifestations were found in these patients. The objective of the work is to carry out a systematic literature review on the oral manifestations that may be associated with the disease COVID-19. The research was carried out through a systematic review in the databases Bireme, PubMed and SciELO, from April 30, 2021 o May 11, 2023. The search using the descriptors "COVID-19", "coronavirus" and "Oral manifestations". Inclusion criteria were the presence of the full article available in full and published in 2020 and 2023. Articles that did not report any manifestation of COVID-19 or those that did not address forms of treatment were excluded. 19 articles were included. The information was compiled in order to understand the importance of investigating oral manifestations as a result of this disease, due to its international importance given to its devastating entities. It was concluded that the importance of anamnesis and intraoral examination for the diagnosis of oral manifestations in patients suspected or confirmed with COVID-19 is remarkable, and the early diagnosis of alterations is essential to ensure adequate support for the affected patient. Further studies are needed to prove the direct association between COVID-19 and the reported oral manifestations.

High prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral mucosal lesions of patients at the Ambulatory of Oral Diagnosis of the Federal University of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil

Abstract The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral carcinogenesis is still controversial as detection rates of the virus in oral cavity reported in the literature varies greatly. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of HPV infection and its genotypes in patients with oral lesions at the Ambulatory of Oral Diagnosis of the Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil. Material and Methods We conducted a molecular study with 21 patients (15 females) aged from two to 83 years with clinically detectable oral lesions. Samples were collected through exfoliation of lesions and HPV-DNA was identified using MY09/11 and GP5+/6+ primers. Genotyping was performed by multiplex PCR. Results Benign, premalignant and malignant lesions were diagnosed by histopathology. HPV was detected in 17 samples. Of these, HPV-6 was detected in 10 samples, HPV-18 in four and HPV-16 in one sample. When samples were categorized by lesion types, HPV was detected in two papilloma cases (2/3), five carcinomas (5/6), one hyperplasia (1/1) and nine dysplasia cases (9/11). Conclusion Unlike other studies in the literature, we reported high occurrence of HPV in oral lesions. Further studies are required to enhance the comprehension of natural history of oral lesions.

Papillomavirus infections in the oral and genital mucosa of asymptomatic women

Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found in several regions of the body, including the oral cavity. Recently, this virus has been associated with oropharyngeal cancer, but little is known about HPV transmission to the oral cavity. We carried out a study to investigate concurrent oral and cervical infections in 76 asymptomatic women attending a healthcare program. Demographic and behavior data were obtained through a structured questionnaire. Oral and cervical mucosa scrapings were collected and stored for DNA extraction. HPV DNA amplification was performed by polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) using both primers My09/My11 and FAP59/64, followed by HPV typing with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) and sequencing. The data collected revealed no risk factors for HPV infection in these 76 women. HPV prevalence of 9.2 and 5.3% was found in cervical and oral mucosa, respectively. Concurrent infections by discordant types were detected in one case only. Sequencing procedures allowed us to detect a new putative HPV 17 subtype from the Betapapillomavirus genus. Our results support the view that cervical and oral HPV infections are independent events. The observed low prevalence of both oral and cervical HPV infections could be associated with attendance in a healthcare program.

Lesiones orales asociadas con la enfermedad del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en pacientes adultos, una perspectiva clínica / Oral lesions associated with human immunodeficiency virus disease in adult patients, a clinical perspective

Among the clinical manifestations which may occur in HIV/AIDS patients, oral lesions are relevant because there are easily accessible and usually the diagnosis is made through clinical features. Some oral manifestations are strongly related with HIV/AIDS patients indicating infection and progression to AIDS and also allow monitoring the success or failure of using antiretroviral therapy. The massive introduction of antiretroviral therapy has changed the morbidity and mortality, frequency, type of clinical manifestation and the timing of the classic opportunistic complications. The aim of this review is to provide an updated of the classical clinical features of the most frequent and relevant HIV/AIDS oral manifestations, considering the fundamental clinical features for their diagnosis.

Dentro de las manifestaciones que pueden aparecer en los pacientes con infección por VIH/SIDA, las lesiones de la cavidad oral tienen gran relevancia debido a que son fácilmente accesibles y por lo general su diagnóstico se efectúa a través de signos clínicos. Además, algunas manifestaciones orales están fuertemente relacionadas con el síndrome por lo que indican sospecha de infección y progresión a etapa SIDA y permiten monitorizar el éxito o fracaso de la terapia anti-retroviral empleada. La introducción masiva de la terapia anti-retroviral ha modificado la morbi-mortalidad, la frecuencia, el tipo de manifestación clínica y el momento de aparición de las clásicas complicaciones oportunistas. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar las características clínicas clásicas actualizadas de aquellas manifestaciones orales asociadas a la infección por VIH/SIDA que son más frecuentes y que tienen mayor relevancia clínica, considerando las características fundamentales para su diagnóstico.

Diagnosis of secondary syphilis through oral lesionsin two patients with negative serology: case reports / Diagnóstico de sífilis secundária através daslesões orais em dois pacientes com sorologia negativa: relatos de caso

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection, and oral lesion can be the first manifestation. The serology test, such as Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test, is accepted as an effective testing strategy for detecting syphilis, although false-negative reaction can occur, and oral lesions may be pivotal to achievethe diagnosis. We report two cases of seronegative secondary syphilis, a human immunodeficiency virus positive patient and a no HIV positive patient,whose histopathological exams were pivotal to achieve the diagnosis of syphilis. The serology may be negative in secondary syphilis and the oral lesionsmay represent the unique method to diagnostic

A sífilis é uma doença sexualmente transmissível, e a lesão oral pode representar sua primeira manifestação. Testes sorológicos, como Venereal Disease Research Laboratory, são rotineiramente utilizados para detecção de sífilis, entretanto, em alguns casos, podem ocorrer resultados falso-negativos. Nesses casos, as lesões orais são essenciais para o diagnóstico. Relatamos dois casos de sífilis secundária com sorologia negativa, em um paciente HIV positivo e um paciente HIV negativo, que obtiveram o diagnóstico de sífilis a partir do exame histopatológico das lesões orais. Os testes sorológicos podem ser negativos na sífilis secundária, e as lesões orais podem representar o único método diagnóstico.

Current status of herpesvirus identification in the oral cavity of HIV-infected children

INTRODUCTION: Some viruses of the Herpesviridae family are frequently the etiologic agents of oral lesions associated with HIV. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus type 6, type 7 and type 8 (HHV-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8) in the oral cavity of HIV-infected children/adolescents and verify the association between viral subtypes and clinical factors. METHODS: The cells of oral mucosa were collected from 50 HIV infected children/adolescents, 3-13 years old (mean age 8.66). The majority (66%) of selected were girls, and they were all outpatients at the pediatric AIDS clinic of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Nested-PCR was used to identify the viral types. RESULTS: Absence of immunosuppression was observed in 66% of the children. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was used by 72.1% of selected and moderate viral load was observed in 56% of the children/adolescents. Viral types were found in 86% of the children and the subtypes were: HSV-1 (4%), HSV-2 (2%), VZV (4%), EBV (0%), HCMV (24%), HHV6 (18%), HHV-7 (68%), HHV8 (0%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of HAART has helped to reduce oral lesions, especially with herpes virus infections. The health professionals who work with these patients should be aware of such lesions because of their predictive value and the herpes virus can be found circulating in the oral cavity without causing lesions.

Infecção oral pelo HPV em mulheres com lesão escamosa de colo uterino no sistema prisional da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil / Oral infection by the Human Papilloma Virus in women with cervical lesions at a prison in São Paulo, Brazil

O carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço é 6ª maior causa de mortes por neoplasia no mundo. Nas últimas décadas, tem-se associado a relação da infecção pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) e seu envolvimento na etiologia desta doença, bem como acontece com o câncer de colo de útero. OBJETIVO: A caracterização molecular dos tipos de HPV diagnosticados na mucosa oral de mulheres que apresentavam alterações citológicas compatíveis com lesão escamosa no colo uterino. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 409 amostras cérvico-vaginais e de cavidade oral de mulheres internas no Presídio Feminino da cidade de São Paulo. A correlação entres lesões cervicais e orais foram avaliadas em 27 mulheres que apresentavam lesões pré-malignas e malignas no colo uterino pela caracterização molecular dos tipos de HPV por PCR/ RFLP e Sequenciamento. RESULTADOS: Das 27 (6,67%) amostras compatíveis com LSIL e HSIL no colo uterino, 22 (81,48%) apresentaram infecção pelo HPV de alto risco oncogênico, sendo o HPV 59 o mais prevalente, dentre elas, três amostras (11,1%) evidenciaram alterações celulares compatíveis com displasia leve na cavidade oral. CONCLUSÃO: Nosso estudo sugere uma relação entre o desenvolvimento de lesões da cavidade oral e a infecção pelo HPV, independentemente do tipo viral presente.

Carcinoma of the head and neck is the 6th cause of death by cancer in the world. In recent decades the human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in the etiology of this disease. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the types of HPV detected in the oral mucosa in women with cytological abnormalities suggesting intraepithelial squamous lesions in the uterine cervix. METHODS: four-hundred-nine cervical-vaginal and oral pap-smears of women interned in a Female Prison in São Paulo were examined. The relationship between cervical and oral lesion was analyzed by PCR/RFLP and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Of 27 (6.67%) specimens showing cervical cytological abnormalities suggesting LSIL and HSIL, 22 (81.48%) had oncogenic high-risk HPV infection, of which HPV 59 was the most prevalent. Three (11.1%) samples showed cytological changes suggesting mild dysplasia in the oral cavity. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests an association between carcinoma of the oral cavity and HPV infection, regardless of the virus type.

Oral HPV infection in a bone marrow transplantation patient: a case report with atypical clinical presentation and unexpected outcome

HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) is one of the most prevalent infections worlwide. Oral HPV infection may be associated with different diseases of oral cavitie. Although oral HPV infection occurs frequently, it rarely causes lesions. An increased rate of oral HPV-induced lesions is observed in people with an impaired immune system. The most common conditions induced by oral HPV infection are focal epithelial hyperplasia, oral condylomas and oral papillomas. We reported a case of oral HPV lesion in a bone marrow transplantation patient with atypical clinical presentation and unexpected outcome.

Prevalência e fatores associados às manifestações bucais em pacientes HIV positivos atendidos em cidade sul-brasileira / Prevalence of oral lesions in persons with HIV and associated factors in a southern Brazilian city

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de lesões bucais entre pacientes HIV positivos e identificar fatores associados a tais lesões. Foi realizado estudo transversal que coletou dados mediante entrevista, exame clínico e consulta aos prontuários médicos de pacientes adultos atendidos no Serviço de HIV-AIDS do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, sendo considerados fatores sócio-demográficos, imunológicos e terapêuticos. Foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson num modelo hierárquico de análise. Entre abril de 2006 a janeiro de 2007 foram observados 300 pacientes, sendo 51 por cento do sexo masculino e média de idade de 40 anos; 39 por cento apresentaram lesões bucais, sendo a candidíase a mais freqüente (59,1 por cento), seguida de leucoplasia pilosa (19,5 por cento). As mulheres apresentaram um risco menor, com observância de uma associação inversa com o CD4. Houve um risco maior entre aqueles pacientes com menor escolaridade, menor renda, tabagistas, dependentes do álcool, com maior tempo de infecção pelo HIV e carga viral mais elevada. Os dados confirmaram a elevada prevalência das manifestações bucais oportunistas e evidenciaram a sua relação com a situação social, assim como sua relação com determinados hábitos e costumes passíveis de modificação.

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in AIDS patients and identify associated factors. A cross-sectional study collected data from interviews, clinical examination, and a review of medical records for adult patients treated at the HIV/AIDS clinic in the University Hospital of the Federal University in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, focusing on socio-demographic, immune status, and treatment factors. Poisson regression was used in a hierarchical analytical model. From April 2006 to January 2007, 300 patients were observed (51 percent males; mean age 40 years). Of the total, 39 percent presented oral lesions, with candidiasis as the most frequent (59.1 percent), followed by hairy leukoplakia (19.5 percent). Women showed a lower risk of oral lesions, and there was an inverse association with CD4 count. Increased risk was associated with lower schooling, low income, smoking, alcohol addiction, time since HIV seroconversion, and higher viral load. The data confirm the increased prevalence of opportunistic oral lesions and show their relationship to socioeconomic conditions and modifiable habits and customs.

Detecção de HPV na mucosa oral e genital pela técnica PCR em mulheres com diagnóstico histopatológico positivo para HPV genital / HPV detection in the oral and genital mucosa of women with positive histopathological exam for genital HPV, by means of the PCR

A infecção do papilomavírus humano (HPV) é uma das mais freqüentes doenças sexualmente transmissíveis em todo o mundo. A relação entre o HPV genital e oral permanece incerta, assim como o seu papel na carcinogênese oral. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presença do DNA do HPV na mucosa oral e genital de mulheres com infecção genital por HPV, pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo piloto, prospectivo, com 30 mulheres, idade de 14 a 51 anos, portadoras de infecção genital por HPV confirmada pelo exame de histopatológico. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas a exame e coleta por raspagem da cavidade oral e genital para pesquisa do DNA do HPV pela técnica PCR. RESULTADOS: Nenhuma das amostras da cavidade oral foi positiva para HPV, enquanto no genital, o HPV foi detectado em 17 (57 por cento) das 30 pacientes, principalmente o HPV 6b e 16. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostraram maior porcentagem do HPV genital em relação à cavidade oral, e sugerem que o HPV genital não parece ser fator predisponente para a infecção oral no mesmo paciente.

Infection by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most frequent sexually transmitted diseases all over the world. The relationship between oral and genital HPV remains uncertain, as it is with its role on oral carcinogenesis. The goal of the present investigation was to check for the presence of HPV DNA in the oral and genital mucosas of women with HPV genital infection, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). STUDY METHOD: Cross-sectional cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: this is a pilot and prospective study involving 30 women, aged between 14 and 51 years, with HPV genital infection, confirmed by histopathology. All the patients were submitted to the exam and sample collection by swabbing the oral and genital mucosas in order to test for HPV DNA through the PCR technique. RESULTS: none of the oral cavity samples were positive for HPV, while in the genital tract, HPV was detected in 17 (57 percent) of the 30 patients, especially HPVs 6b and 16. CONCLUSION: Results show a higher percentage of genital HPV in comparison to the oral cavity, and suggest that genital HPV does not seem to be a predisposing factor for the oral infection in the same patient.

Association between socioeconomic status and HIV-associated oral lesions in Rio de Janeiro from 1997 to 2004

The prevalence of HIV-related oral lesions may vary according to socioeconomic status and antiretroviral therapy, among other factors. This study's intent was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic indicators, CD4+ counts and HIV-related oral lesions in the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. A retrospective epidemiological analysis was performed of the medical records of HIV-positive patients that attended the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro between 1997 and 2004. Gender, age, mode of HIV transmission, level of education, monthly familial income, CD4+ counts and HIV-related oral lesions were assessed. For statistical analysis, the Chi-square test was used with a level of significance of 5 percent. 254 medical records were reviewed: 83 women and 171 men. Monthly familial income below 2 minimum wages was associated with a higher prevalence of pseudomembranous candidiasis (p = 0.024), while income above 10 minimum wages was associated with a higher prevalence of salivary gland disease (p = 0.021). Lower socioeconomic status was associated with lower CD4+ counts (p = 0.017). In this study, an association was noted between socioeconomic status, immune suppression and prevalence of oral lesions. However, further studies are warranted using other socioeconomic variables in order to better assess this relationship.

Virus papiloma humano en mucosa bucal / Human papillomavirus in oral mucosa

Para la OMS, una lesión precancerosa es un tejido morfológicamente alterado en el cual, el cáncer bucal puede aparecer más fácilmente que en el tejido equivalente de apariencia normal. En el año 2005 se propone el término de lesiones precursoras refiriendo que las mismas son básicamente mancha blanca (leucoplasia), mancha roja (eritroplasia) o roja blanca (eritroleucoplasia). La lesión precursora bucal de mayor prevalencia es la leucoplasia. Desde hace unos años, se vienen acumulando evidencias que implican a determinados virus en el desarrollo de lesiones precursoras como el Papiloma Virus Humano (VPH), y los factores condicionantes del potencial maligno, como la presencia de displasia epitelial. Diversos estudios documentaron la presencia de VPH en displasias, carcinoma in situ, cáncer invasivo, y en tumores odontogénicos, causando además lesiones proliferativas en el hombre que dependiendo del subtipo viral pueden condicionar el pronóstico y representan un campo prioritario para la investigación

Oral manifestations of syphilis

A última década tem mostrado um aumento importante na prevalência de sífilis infecciosa nos países desenvolvidos e epidemias surgiram na Europa ocidental, particularmente no Reino Unido, bem como nos EUA. Embora as manifestações orais da sífilis sejam mais freqüentes na fase secundária da doença, todos os estágios podem apresentar lesões orais. A fase terciária da doença está associada a lesões orais significativas tais como destruição óssea associada à goma sifilítica e uma possível predisposição ao carcinoma espinocelular. Com o aumento da prevalência da sífilis infecciosa, há também um aumento gradual de crianças nascidas com sífilis congênita. Consequentemente esta patologia leva a anomalias faciais de ordem dentária, óssea, dermatológica e neurológica. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar as lesões orais associadas á sífilis, bem como discorrer brevemente sobre a relação entre a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (human immunodeficiency virus - HIV) e a sífilis.