The research of liver failure in Banna miniature pigs caused by amanita exitialis / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the characteristics of Banna miniature pig liver failure induced by amanita exitialis. Methods: From September to October 2020, a reverse high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was used to determine the toxin content of amanita exitialis solution, and 2.0 mg/kg amanita exitialis solution (α-amanitins+β-amanitins) was administered orally to Banna miniature pigs. Toxic symptoms, blood biochemical indexes and histopathological changes of liver, heart and kidney were observed at each time point. Results: All Banna miniature pigs died within 76 h of exposure, and different degrees of digestive tract symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea appeared between 6 and 36 h. The biochemical indexes of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin, creatine kinase isoenzyme, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increased significantly at 52 h after exposure, and the differences were statistically significant compared with 0 h (P<0.05). The bleeding of liver and heart was obvious under macroscopic and microscopic observation, hepatocyte necrosis, renal tubule epithelial cell swelling. Conclusion: Large dose of amanita exitialis can cause acute liver failure of Banna miniature pigs, which is in line with the pathophysiological characteristics of acute liver failure, and lays a foundation for further research on the toxic mechanism and detoxification drugs of amanita exitialis induced liver failure.

Analysis of Five Mushroom Toxins in Blood by UPLC-HRMS / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To develop a method for the simultaneous and rapid detection of five mushroom toxins (α-amanitin, phallacidin, muscimol, muscarine and psilocin) in blood by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS).@*METHODS@#The blood samples were precipitated with acetonitrile-water solution(Vacetonitril∶Vwater=3∶1) and PAX powder, then separated on ACQUITY Premier C18 column, eluted gradient. Five kinds of mushroom toxins were monitored by FullMS-ddMS2/positive ion scanning mode, and qualitative and quantitative analysis was conducted according to the accurate mass numbers of primary and secondary fragment ions.@*RESULTS@#All the five mushroom toxins had good linearity in their linear range, with a determination coefficient (R2)≥0.99. The detection limit was 0.2-20 ng/mL. The ration limit was 0.5-50 ng/mL. The recoveries of low, medium and high additive levels were 89.6%-101.4%, the relative standard deviation was 1.7%-6.7%, the accuracy was 90.4%-101.3%, the intra-day precision was 0.6%-9.0%, the daytime precision was 1.7%-6.3%, and the matrix effect was 42.2%-129.8%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The method is simple, rapid, high recovery rate, and could be used for rapid and accurate qualitative screening and quantitative analysis of various mushroom toxins in biological samples at the same time, so as to provide basis for the identification of mushroom poisoning events.

Micetismos: Parte 4: Síndromes tempranos con síntomas complejos / Mushroom poisonings. Part 4: early-onset syndromes with complex symptoms / Intoxicações por cogumelos. Parte 4: Síndromes precoces com sintomas complexos

En esta Parte 4 de la serie de cuatro artículos sobre micetismos se analizan los síndromes que se caracterizan por presentar un período de latencia muy corto, con la aparición de síntomas complejos en menos de 6 horas después de la ingestión de los macromicetos. Se discuten los siguientes micetismos: 1) Toxíndrome muscarínico o colinérgico periférico por especies de Inocybe y Clitocybe. 2) Toxíndrome inmunohemolítico o hemolítico por Paxillus. 3) Toxíndrome neumónico alérgico por Lycoperdon perlatum y por Pholiota nameko. 4) Toxíndrome panterínico o neurotóxico glutaminérgico por compuestos isoxazólicos o síndrome pantherina/muscaria. 5) Toxíndrome coprínico o cardiovascular. 6) Toxíndrome neurotóxico alucinogénico por psilocibina y derivados indólicos. 7) Toxíndrome psicotrópico por estirilpironas y gimnopilinas de Gymnopilus spectabilis o G. junonius. 8) Toxíndrome agudo de rabdomiólisis por Russula subnigricans. 9) Toxíndrome cianogénico por Marasmius oreades. 10) Toxíndrome inmunosupresor por tricotecenos macrocíclicos de Podostroma cornu-damae. 11) Toxíndrome hemolítico debido a ostreolisina de Pleurotus ostreatus y especies relacionadas. Se analizan los síntomas, las toxinas involucradas, los mecanismos de acción, cuando se conocen, y las especies causantes de los micetismos.

This Part 4 of the series of four articles on mushroom poisonings refers to early-onset syndromes, which are characterized by a very short latency period, and the appearance of complex symptoms in less than 6 hours after mushroom ingestion. The following mycetisms are discussed, (1) Peripheral cholinergic, or muscarinic syndrome due to Inocybe and Clitocybe species. (2) Immunohaemolytic or haemolytic syndrome by Paxillus. (3) Allergic pneumonic syndrome due to Lycoperdon perlatum, and Pholiota nameko. (4) Glutaminergic neurotoxic, or pantherinic syndrome by isoxazole compounds or pantherina/muscaria syndrome. (5) Coprinic or cardiovascular syndrome. (6) Hallucinogenic neurotoxic syndrome due to psilocybin and indole derivatives. (7) Psychotropic syndrome by styrylpirones and gymnopilins of Gymnopilus spectabilis or G. junonius. (8) Rhabdomyolysis acute syndrome due to Russula subnigricans. (9) Cyanogenic syndrome by Marasmius oreades. (10) Immunosuppressive syndrome by macrocyclic trichothecenes of Podostroma cornu-damae. (11) Haemolytic syndrome due to ostreolisine of Pleurotus ostreatus, and related species. The symptoms, toxins involved, mechanisms of action, when known, and the species of mushrooms responsible for the mycetisms are analyzed.

Nesta parte 4 da série de quatro artigos sobre intoxicação por cogumelos são analisadas síndromes que se caracterizam por apresentar um período de latência muito breve, com aparecimento de sintomas complexos em menos de 6 horas após a ingestão dos macromicetos. As seguintes intoxicações com cogumelos são discutidas: (1) Toxíndrome muscarínico ou colinérgico periférico por espécies de Inocybe e Clitocybe. (2) Toxíndrome imuno-hemolítica ou hemolítica por Paxillus. (3) Toxíndrome pneumônica alérgica por Lycoperdon perlatum e por Pholiota nameko. (4) Toxíndrome panterínica ou neurotóxica glutaminérgica por compostos isoxazólicos ou síndrome pantherina/muscaria. (5) Toxíndrome coprínica ou cardiovascular (6) Toxíndrome neurotóxico-alucinogênica por psilocibina e derivados indólicos. (7) Toxíndrome psicotrópica por estirilpironas e gimnopilinas de Gymnopilus spectabilis ou G. junonius. (8) Toxíndrome aguda de rabdomiólise por Russula subnigricans. (9) Toxíndrome cianogênica por Marasmius oreades. (10) Toxíndrome imunossupressora por tricotecenos macrocíclicos de Podostroma cornu-damae. (11) Síndrome hemolítica por ostreolisina de Pleurotus ostreatus e espécies relacionadas. São analisados os sintomas, as toxinas envolvidas, os mecanismos de ação, quando conhecidos, e as espécies de cogumelos responsáveis pelas intoxicações.

Micetismo: reporte de dos casos fatales y revisión bibliográfica / Mycetism: Report of two fatal cases and review of the literature

Justificación:El micetismo es la intoxicación producida por la ingestión de setas silvestres, que puede presentarse clínicamente con diferentes síndromes toxicológicos, dependiendo de la especie de hongo involucrada y sus toxinas. Su importancia médicolegal radica en que la ingesta puede ocurrir de manera accidental, homicida o suicida. Objetivo: Revisar aspectos relevantes sobre el micetismo, para el reconocimiento de síndromes toxicológicos asociados a la ingesta de setas. Metodología:Se revisaron diferentes bases de datos utilizando las palabras clave: micetismo, Amanita phalloides, autopsia médicolegal, abordaje diagnóstico. Resultados:A. phalloides, contiene amatoxinas causantes de insuficiencia hepática aguda y las falotoxinas responsables de manifestaciones gastrointestinales 10 horas después de la ingesta, característica del síndrome tóxico faloidiano. Los casos que se describen corresponden a dos femeninas de la misma familia, una mujer adulta 36 años embarazada y su hija de seisaños, procedentes de una comunidad rural en la parte central de Honduras, que fallecieron después de la ingestión de setas silvestres y cuyas autopsias se realizaron en la Dirección de Medicina Forense de Tegucigalpa, para establecer la causa de muerte. En la historia médico legal se consignó que los hongos fueron cocinados por la madre y consumidos por ella y su hija. Conclusión:Es recomendable la capacitación continuade los médicos de emergencia en hospitales, para el reconocimiento de síndromes toxicológicos asociados a la ingesta de setas, con el propósito de tratar oportunamente estos pacientes y ofrecerles mejor oportunidad de sobrevivir...(AU)

Serum paraoxonase, arylesterase, and glutathione-s-transferase activities and oxidative stress levels in patients with mushroom poisoning

OBJECTIVES: Consumption of toxic species of mushrooms may have detrimental effects and increase oxidative stress. Paraoxonase, arylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase are antioxidants that resist oxidative stress. In this study, we analyzed the changes in these enzymes during intoxication due to mushrooms. METHODS: The study enrolled 49 adult patients with a diagnosis of mushroom poisoning according to clinical findings and 49 healthy volunteers as the control group. The patients with mild clinical findings were hospitalized due to the possibility that the patient had also eaten the mushrooms and due to clinical findings in the late period, which could be fatal. Paraoxonase, arylesterase, and glutathione-S-transferase concentrations, as well as total antioxidant and oxidant status, were determined in the 49 patients and 49 healthy volunteers by taking blood samples in the emergency department. RESULTS: While paraoxonase, arylesterase, and total antioxidant status were significantly decreased in the patient group (p<0.05), glutathione-S-transferase, total oxidant status and the oxidative stress index were significantly higher (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the hospitalization time and the oxidative stress index (r=0.752, p<0.001), whereas a negative correlation was found with glutathione-S-transferase (r=-0.420, p=0.003). CONCLUSION: We observed a significant decrease in paraoxonase and arylesterase and an increase in glutathione-S-transferase and oxidative stress indexes in patients with mushroom poisoning, indicating that these patients had an oxidative status. In particular, a low total antioxidant status and high oxidative stress index may gain importance in terms of the assessment of hospitalization duration.

Trends of foodborne diseases in China: lessons from laboratory-based surveillance since 2011 / 医学前沿

Foodborne disease is one of the most important public health issues worldwide. China faces various and unprecedented challenges in all aspects of the food chain. Data from laboratory-based foodborne disease surveillance systems from 2013 to 2016, as well as different regions and ages, can be found along with differences in the patterns of pathogens detected with diverse characteristics. Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in China, especially among adults in coastal regions. Salmonella has been a serious and widely distributed pathogen responsible for substantial socioeconomic burden. Shigella was mostly identified in Northwest China and the inland province (Henan) with less-developed regions among children under 5 years. Data from foodborne disease outbreak reporting system from 2011 to 2016 showed that poisonous animals and plant factors responsible for most deaths were poisonous mushrooms (54.7%) in remote districts in southwest regions. The biological hazard that caused most cases reported (42.3%) was attributed to V. parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks. In this review, we summarize the recent monitoring approach to foodborne diseases in China and compare the results with those in developed countries.

Mushroom Poisoning by Macrolepiota neomastoidea / 대한소화기학회지

There are currently over 5,000-known species of mushrooms worldwide. Only 20–25% of mushrooms have been named, and 3% of these are poisonous. More than 95% of mushroom poisoning cases occur due to difficulties associated with the identification of mushroom species. Most of the fatal mushroom poisoning cases recorded to date have been related to the Amanita species. Until now, a case of fatal poisoning caused by Macrolepiota neomastoidea (M. neomastoidea) has not been reported in Asia. A 57-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency room with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. He reported ingesting wild mushrooms with his mother and sister about 2 days ago. His mother and sister were treated with only supportive care, but he was admitted to the intensive care unit and underwent liver transplantation due to acute liver failure. We are reporting a case of fatal M. neomastoidea intoxication from wild mushrooms, a rare case of mushroom poisoning.

The Effect of Glehnia Littoralis on Alpha-amanitin Induced Hepatotoxicity in a Murine Model

PURPOSE: Glehnia littoralis has been reported to have several pharmacological properties but no in vivo reports describing the protective effects of this plant on α-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity have been published. α-Amanitin is a peptide found in several mushroom species that accounts for the majority of severe mushroom poisonings leading to severe hepatonecrosis. In our previous in vitro study, we found that α-amanitin induced oxidative stress, which may contribute to its severe hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Glehnia littoralis acetate extract (GLEA) has protective antioxidant effects on α-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity in a murine model. METHODS: Swiss mice (n=40 in all groups) were divided into four groups (n=10/group). Three hours after giving α-amanitin (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.) to the mice, they were administered silibinin (50 mg/kg/d, i.p.) or Glehnia littoralis ethyl acetate extract (100 mg/kg/d, oral) therapies once a day for 3 days. After 72 hours of treatment, each subject was killed, cardiac blood was aspirated for hepatic aminotransferase measurement, and liver specimens were harvested to evaluate the extent of hepatonecrosis. The degree of hepatonecrosis was assessed by a pathologist blinded to the treatment group and divided into 4 categories according to the grade of hepatonecrosis. RESULTS: GLEA significantly improved the beneficial functional parameters in α-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity. In the histopathological evaluation, the toxicity that was generated with α-amanitin was significantly reduced by GLEA, showing a possible hepatoprotective effect. CONCLUSION: In this murine model, Glehnia littoralis was effective in limiting hepatic injury after α-amanitin poisoning. Increases of aminotransferases and degrees of hepatonecrosis were attenuated by this antidotal therapy.

Eritema flagelado por ingesta de hongos Shiitake: reporte de caso / Flagellated erythema due to Shiitake mushroom intake: report of case

El eritema flagelado es una erupción cutánea poco frecuente con múltiples causas, dentro de las cuales se encuentra la ingesta de hongos shiitake crudos o semicrudos. Se postula que es secundario a una reacción de hipersensibilidad Th-1 producida por el lentinan, un polisacárido termolábil de la pared celular del hongo. En años recientes ha aumentado su incidencia en el mundo occidental debido a la creciente popularidad de la comida asiática, en la que los hongos shiitake son un ingrediente muy utilizado. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por la aparición de lesiones eritematosas lineales pruriginosas principalmente en tronco y extremidades, de curso autolimitado. El diagnóstico es principalmente clínico, basado en el antecedente de ingesta reciente de hongos shiitake y el rash característico y el tratamiento es sintomático con antihistamínicos y corticoides tópicos u orales. A continuación, presentamos un caso de eritema flagelado en una mujer joven, secundario a ingesta de hongos shiitake, que se resolvió completamente en 2 semanas.

Flagellate erythema is a rare skin eruption with many causes, including the ingestion of raw or undercooked shiitake mushrooms. It is thought to be a Th-1 hypersensitivity reaction produced by lentinan, a thermolabile polysaccharide found in the cell wall of the mushroom. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of cases due to the growing popularity of Asian cuisine, in which shiitake mushrooms are a central ingredient. The clinical presentation is characterized by the appearance of linear, erythematous, pruritic lesions mostly on the trunk and extremities, of self-limited course. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the history of recent shiitake mushroom ingestion and the characteristic rash, and treatment is symptomatic, with antihistamines and topical or systemic steroids. In this report, we present a case of flagellate erythema in a young woman, that appeared after the ingestion of shiitake mushrooms, and resolved completely after 2 weeks.

Intoxicación por Chlorophyllum molybdites: Presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Intoxication by Chlorophyllum molybdites: Presentation of two cases and review of the literature

La intoxicación por hongos, especialmente con fines alimenticios, es un importante problema terapéutico. El hongo Chlorophyllum molybdites, es uno de los principales agentes causantes de intoxicación en países Latinoameri-canos, debido a su similitud con el hongo Agaricus comestible. Se presentan dos casos de intoxicación por Chlorophyllum molybdites los cuales fueron ingeridos y posteriormente desarrollaron manifes-taciones clínicas. Se presenta con su revisión bibliográfica centrada en las diferentes opciones terapéuticas...(AU)

A Case of Mushroom Poisoning with Russula subnigricans: Development of Rhabdomyolysis, Acute Kidney Injury, Cardiogenic Shock, and Death

Mushroom exposures are increasing worldwide. The incidence and fatality of mushroom poisoning are reported to be increasing. Several new syndromes in mushroom poisoning have been described. Rhabdomyolytic mushroom poisoning is one of new syndromes. Russula subnigricans mushroom can cause delayed-onset rhabdomyolysis with acute kidney injury in the severely poisoned patient. There are few reports on the toxicity of R. subnigricans. This report represents the first record of R. subnigricans poisoning with rhabdomyolysis in Korea, describing a 51-year-old man who suffered from rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, severe hypocalcemia, respiratory failure, ventricular tachycardia, cardiogenic shock, and death. Mushroom poisoning should be considered in the evaluation of rhabdomyolysis of unknown cause. Furthermore, R. subnigricans should be considered in the mushroom poisoning with rhabdomyolysis.

Severe but reversible acute kidney injury resulting from Amanita punctata poisoning

Mushroom-related poisoning can cause acute kidney injury. Here we report a case of acute kidney injury after ingestion of Amanita punctata, which is considered an edible mushroom. Gastrointestinal symptoms occurred within 24 hours from the mushroom intake and were followed by an asymptomatic period, acute kidney injury, and elevation of liver and pancreatic enzymes. Kidney function recovered with supportive care. Nephrotoxic mushroom poisoning should be considered as a cause of acute kidney injury.

Type and treatment of toxic mushroom poisoning in Korea

To eat unidentified or misidentified mushrooms taken from the wild can be very dangerous. In the vast majority of toxic mushroom ingestions in Korea, the mushroom was incorrectly identified. In general, poisoning of toxic mushrooms can be classified into seven types according to the toxins that they contain; amatoxin, gyromitrin, coprine, muscarine, ibotenic acid-muscimol, psilocybin-psilocin and gastrointestinal irritants. When clinicians care for a patient who ingested a toxic mushroom, it is very important to identify what kind of mushroom may have caused a patient's illness. But, in clinical practice, accurate botanical identification of the mushroom can be very difficult. Therefore, for estimating the caused mushroom and adequate treatment of poisoning, clinicians should know the type and treatment of toxic mushroom poisoning.

Toxicological Profiles of Poisonous, Edible, and Medicinal Mushrooms

Mushrooms are a recognized component of the human diet, with versatile medicinal properties. Some mushrooms are popular worldwide for their nutritional and therapeutic properties. However, some species are dangerous because they cause toxicity. There are many reports explaining the medicinal and/or toxic effects of these fungal species. Cases of serious human poisoning generally caused by the improper identification of toxic mushroom species are reported every year. Different substances responsible for the fatal signs and symptoms of mushroom toxicity have been identified from various poisonous mushrooms. Toxicity studies of mushroom species have demonstrated that mushroom poisoning can cause adverse effects such as liver failure, bradycardia, chest pain, seizures, gastroenteritis, intestinal fibrosis, renal failure, erythromelalgia, and rhabdomyolysis. Correct categorization and better understanding are essential for the safe and healthy consumption of mushrooms as functional foods as well as for their medicinal use.

Children's renal injury caused by food / 中国当代儿科杂志

Mushroom and fish bile toxins are the most representative toxins of food origin. According to the clinical manifestations, renal injury caused by mushroom toxins can be divided into early-, late-, and delayed-onset. Fish bile toxins mainly cause acute renal tubular necrosis and food contamination related to renal injury includes chemical and biological contamination. Urinary calculus and renal failure caused by "poisonous milk powder" is a typical, food-related chemical contamination event. E.coli contaminated cucumber caused hemolytic uremic syndrome in 3 493 people. Contamination of the food chain is spreading from land to sea and to sky. It requires the efforts of the whole society to prevent human food chain contamination.

Death by Hemorrhagic Enteritis due to Suspicious Mushroom Poisoning: A Case Report / 대한법의학회지

Mushroom poisoning widely reported in Oriental and Western literature, is typically caused by accidental ingestion of toxic mushrooms that resemble edible mushrooms. Reports about poisoning due to species of Omphalotus, Amanita, Clitocybe, and other toxic mushroom species have been reported; toxicity depends on the mushroom species and the amount of toxin, which varies according to the climatic and environmental conditions. Symptoms of poisoning, such as unspecific nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as intestinal, hepatic and renal toxicities, also vary according to the mushroom species. Most patients recover with anti-muscarinic therapy and supportive care for nonspecific symptoms; however some cases of poisoning are fatal in children and elderly people. We report a case of sudden death due to mushroom poisoning in a 74-year-old woman, with hemorrhagic enteritis.

Intoxicación con Amanita phalloides: serie de tres casos / Amanita phalloides poisoning: series of three cases

Se presenta una serie de tres casos de pacientes adultos con intoxicación por Amanita phalloides, ocurridos entre los años 2010 y 2011. Dos pacientes eran de sexo masculino, de 40 y 75 años de edad, y la mujer de 65 años. En todos los casos se asoció el cuadro clínico a la práctica de recolección casera de hongos para preparación de alimentos (actividad sostenida durante más de 10 años en todos los casos). La recolección se realizó en zonas de robles en un caso, y en zonas de castaños en los otros dos casos. En los tres casos la consulta se realizó entre las 16 y 36 h de la ingesta. Los tres pacientes desarrollaron diarrea, hepatopatía y falla hepática sin encefalopatía. A todos se les realizó tratamiento con carbón activado seriado, aspirado duodenal y penicilina endovenosa. El trasplante hepático fue necesario en uno de los casos. No hubo secuelas hepáticas en ninguno de los pacientes. Conclusiones: la práctica de recolección de hongos silvestres para consumo humano es un hábito riesgoso si se realiza por personas inexpertas en el reconocimiento de las especies tóxicas. Si bien la intoxicación por A. phalloides es un cuadro poco frecuente, su alta morbimortalidad hace indispensable el reconocimiento temprano y abordaje oportuno por parte de los médicos.

We present a series of three cases of Amanita phalloides poisoning in adult patients admitted during the period 2010 - 2011. Two patients were males of 40 and 75 years old, and the third was a woman of 65 years old. In all cases, the poisoning was associated with the home practice of collecting wild mushroom for cooking (activity traditionally carried out for more than 10 years in all cases). Mushroom collection was carried out in areas of oak trees for one case, and in areas of chestnuts trees in the two other cases. In all three cases the admission took place between 16 and 36 hours from intake. All three patients developed diarrhea, liver disease and liver failure without encephalopathy. All patients received treatment with activated charcoal (serial administration), duodenal aspiration and intravenous penicillin. Liver transplantation was necessary in one case. There were no hepatic sequelae in any patients. Conclusions: The practice of collecting wild mushrooms for human consumption is a risky habit if performed by people untrained in recognition of toxic species. While poisoning with A. phalloides is uncommon, its high mortality makes indispensable its early recognition and treatment by physicians.

Hongos tóxicos en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y alrededores / Toxic fungi in Buenos Aires City and surroundings

En la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEN-UBA) funciona el Servicio de Identificación de Hongos Tóxicos. Lo integran los investigadores del Programa de Plantas Medicinales y Programa de Hongos que Intervienen en la Degradación Biológica (PROPLAME-PRHIDEB, CONICET) y colabora con servicios médicos, estatales y privados, identificando los materiales remitidos en casos de intoxicaciones con hongos, permitiendo, en muchos casos, realizar el tratamiento adecuado. El presente trabajo da a conocer los casos atendidos por el servicio desde 1985 hasta 2012 inclusive, además de una tabla para reconocer las especies tóxicas más comunes de la región. Según esta información, el 47% de las consultas que se recibieron correspondieron a pacientes menores de 18 años de edad que ingirieron materiales fúngicos de forma accidental (o al menos se sospechaba que lo hubieran hecho). El 53% restante correspondió a adultos que afirmaron ser capaces de distinguir hongos comestibles de tóxicos. Se determinó que Chlorophyllum molybdites fue la principal especie causante de intoxicaciones, la cual es comúnmente confundida con el hongo comestible Macrolepiota procera. En segundo lugar Amanita phalloides, un hongo altamente tóxico, que se caracteriza por presentar inicio de síntomas en forma tardía (latencia de 6-10 horas), evolucionando a falla hepática con el consiguiente requerimiento de trasplante o la muerte, si no se realiza el tratamiento adecuado en forma oportuna.

In Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires there is a service called Servicio de Identificación de Hongos Tóxicos, directed by researchers of the Program of Medicinal Plants and Fungi Involved in Biological Degradation (PROPLAME-PRHIDEB, CONICET) that assist hospitals and other health establishments, identifying the different samples of fungi and providing information about their toxicity, so that patients can receive the correct treatment. The objective of the present study was to analyze all the cases received from 1985 to 2012. This analysis permitted the confection of a table identifying the most common toxic species. The information gathered revealed that 47% of the patients were under 18 years of age and had eaten basidiomes; the remaining 53% were adults who insisted that they were able to distinguish edible from toxic mushrooms. Chlorophyllum molybdites turned out to be the main cause of fungal intoxication in Buenos Aires, which is commonly confused with Macrolepiota procera, an edible mushroom. In the second place Amanita phalloides was registered, an agaric known to cause severe symptoms after a long period of latency (6-10 hours), and which can lead to hepatic failure even requiring a transplant to prevent severe internal injuries or even death, is not early and correctly treated.