Mejora en la reperfusión del infarto de miocardio en Argentina / Improvement in Reperfusion of Myocardial Infarction in Argenitna

INTRODUCCIÓN: No existe evidencia de que la conformación de redes de atención y procesos de mejora de la calidad en Argentina se relacionen con mejores resultados en el tratamiento del infarto agudo de miocardio. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar las principales causas de demora o no reperfusión en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio y supradesnivel del ST, determinando si la conformación de redes de atención, derivación precoz y mejora de la calidad produce mejores resultados. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un análisis de línea de base, con registro inicial de pacientes en seis centros. En aquellos pacientes que no recibieron tratamiento apropiado (demora o falta de reperfusión), se analizaron las causas raíz. En cada centro se implementaron intervenciones ajustadas a estas causas. En la segunda fase del registro se evaluaron los resultados de las intervenciones. RESULTADOS: En la primera etapa del registro se incluyó a 193 pacientes. El primer lugar de recepción fueron las guardias externas (55,4%), seguidas de las ambulancias (25,9%). Un total de 81 pacientes (41,2%) no recibieron un tratamiento apropiado. Las principales causas fueron el desconocimiento de los pacientes y las demoras en el traslado y diagnóstico. Una vez implementadas las intervenciones, en la segunda etapa (con 226 pacientes) la proporción con demora o sin tratamiento adecuado se redujo al 32,3% (n=73,p=0,04). CONCLUSIONES: Fue factible identificar las principales causas de demora en el tratamiento del infarto agudo de miocardio con supradesnivel del ST e implementar redes de atención y ciclos de mejora. Esto puede mejorar los resultados de la reperfusión, que tiene un gran impacto en la mortalidad.

INTRODUCTION: There is no evidence that networking for care and quality improvement process in Argentina brings better results in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVES: To assess the main causes of delay or non-reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction and elevated ST segment, determining whether the networking for care, early referral and quality improvement brings better results. METHODS: A base lineanalysis was performed, including initial patient records in six centers. For those patients who had not received appropriate treatment (delay or lack of reperfusion), root causes were explored. Case-related interventions were implemented in each center. The second stage of the record assessed intervention results. RESULTS: The first stage of the record included 193 patients. The first place of reception were emergency departments (55.4 percent), followed by ambulances (25.9 percent). A total of 81 patients (41.2 percent) did not receive appropriate treatment. This was mainly due to lack of information about patients and delays for transfer and diagnosis. In the second stage (with 226 patients), after the implementation of interventions, the rate with delay or without appropriate treatment was reduced to 32.3 percent (n=73, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to identify the main causes of delay in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction with elevated ST segment, and to implement networks for care and improvement cycles. This can improve reperfusion results, which have a big impact on mortality.

Medicina nuclear: viabilidade miocárdica e aplicação de PET-CT / Nuclear medicine: myocardyal viability and application of PET-CT

A insuficiência coronariana crônica associada à disfunção de ventrículo esquerdo resulta em uma população especial para a qual a revascularização pode significar importante melhora regional ou global na função ventricular, assim como na melhora dos sintomas e potencial alteração da história natural da doença. O prognóstico desse tipo de paciente continua pobre, apesar dos avanços terapêuticos. Considerando que a conduta clínica ou intervencionista é fundamental reconhecer a presença de miocárdio viável e a funcionalidade cardíaca, discutimos uma metodologia atual, moderna, baseada em estudos institucionais e também internacionais na área de medicina nuclear com SPECT e PET-CT.

The chronic coronary insufficiency associated with dysfunction of the left ventricle, resulting in a special population that revascularization can mean significant improvement in global or regional ventricular function as well as improving symptoms and potential modification of the natural history of the disease. The prognosis of such patients remains poor despite therapeutic advances. Whereas, the clinical or interventional decision is essential to recognize the presence of viable myocardium and cardiac function. We discuss a current methodology, modern, based in institutional studies and also in the international experience with nuclear medicine SPECT and PET-CT.

High admission levels of γ-glutamyltransferase predict poor myocardial perfusion after primary percutaneous intervention

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the relationship between admission levels of serum y-glutamyltransferase and poor myocardial perfusion after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. INTRODUCTION: Reperfusion injury caused by free radical release and increased oxidative stress is responsible for the pathophysiology of the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Serum ϒ-glutamyltransferase is an established marker of increased oxidative stress. METHODS: The study population consisted of 80 patients (64 men and 16 women, mean age = 67.5 + 6.6 years) with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 0/1 flow pre-procedurally. The patients were divided into two groups according to thrombolysis in myocardial perfusion grades that were assessed immediately following primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The two groups (group 1 and group 2) each consisted of 40 patients with thrombolysis in myocardial perfusion grades 0-1 and thrombolysis in myocardial perfusion grades 2-3, respectively. RESULTS: Admission pain to balloon time, ϒ-glutamyltransferase and creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme levels of group 1 patients were significantly higher than those of group 2 patients. Pain to balloon time, ϒ-glutamyltransferase, peak creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme, low left ventricular ejection fraction and poor pre-procedural thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade were significantly associated with poor myocardial perfusion by univariate analysis. However, only pain to balloon time and ϒ-glutamyltransferase levels showed a significant independent association with poor myocardial perfusion by backward logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated as 4.92 for pain to balloon time and 1.13 for ϒ-glutamyltransferase. CONCLUSION: High admission ϒ-glutamyltransferase levels are associated with poor myocardial perfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention, particularly in patients with prolonged pain to balloon time.

Myocardial protection in the occlusion/reperfusion dog model: the role of ischemic necrosis vs reperfusion injury

The present study was designed to assess the possbility of maximizing the effects of reperfusion by the association of the calcium channel blocker, verapamil and the iron chelator deferoxamine, to delay necrosis and avoid reperfusion injury. Sixty-four mongrel dogs (15 ñ 1.1 (SD)Kg) were successfully subjected to 24 h of reperfusion following 90-min occlusion of the left anterior coronary artery. ECG and arterial presure were monitored. The risk area (RA; percent left ventricle (LV)) was determined by the infusion of Evans blue into the aortic root and the area of necrosis (AN; per cent RA) by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Myocardial presevation was defined as per cent RA not necrosed calculated as (RA - AN)/RA x 100.RA was similar in all dogs, i.e., 33 ñ 2 per cent LV (SD). There were no differences in arterial pressure, heart rate or double product among groups. Myocardial preservation was 60 ñ 13 per cent RA in 9 control dogs submitted to reperfusion only (group C), and 58 ñ 18 per cent RA in 17 dogs treated with deferoxamine (500 mg, iv), 30 min before reperfusion (group DF). Verapamil (0.2 mg/Kg, iv) was given alone 15 min after occlusion to 15 dogs (group VP), followed by prereperfusion deferoxamine to 16 dogs (goup VP + DF) and in two doses after occlusion and 15 min before reperfusion in 7 dogs (group VP + VP). Myocardial preservation was greater in the latter groups when compared to controls, namely 76 ñ 13 per cent RA in group VP, 74 ñ 11 per cent in group VP + DF and 73 ñ 9 per cent in group VP + VP (P = 0.04 vs group C., ANOVA). The data suggest that mechanism underlying this beneficial effect is mainly related to the retardation of nectosis progression. O2 free radicals or Ca2+-induced reperfusion injury do not play a major role