Esotropia, nystagmus and optic disk staphyloma in Donnai-Barrow syndrome / Esotropia, nistagmo e estafiloma de disco óptico na síndrome de Donnai-Barrow

ABSTRACT A 12-year-old boy with Donnai-Barrow syndrome diagnosed intra-uterus presented esotropia, high myopia, nystagmus, and optic disk staphyloma in an ophthalmologic examination. The patient had associated Fanconi syndrome and sensorineural hearing loss as well as facial manifestations as hypertelorism, downward slanting of palpebral fissures and low ear implantation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed agenesis of the corpus callosum. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case associated with esotropia, nystagmus, and optic disk staphyloma.

RESUMO Paciente do sexo masculino, 12 anos, com diagnóstico intrauterino de síndrome de Donnai-Barrow, apresentava ao exame oftalmológico esotropia, alta miopia, nistagmo e estafiloma de disco óptico. Associado ao quadro, apresentava síndrome de Falconi e perda auditiva neurossensorial, além de alterações faciais, como hipertelorismo, inclinação inferior das fissuras palpebrais e implantação baixa das orelhas. Ressonância magnética revelou agenesia de corpo caloso. Ao nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro caso relatado associando esotropia, nistagmo e estafiloma de disco óptico.

Choroidal thickness variation in highly myopic eyes during the water drinking test / Variação da espessura de coroide em olhos alto míopes durante o teste de sobrecarga hídrica

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate variations in choroidal thickness (CT) during the water drinking test (WDT) in emmetropic eyes (EE) and highly myopic eyes (ME) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: Clinical trial performed at a tertiary care hospital comprising 30 randomly selected eyes. The WDT and SD-OCT macular scans were performed 10 and 45 min after water ingestion in 15 myopic and 15 EE of 15 healthy patients in each group. Primary study outcomes were average macular CT measured by SD-OCT and intraocular pressure (IOP) during the WDT. Results: The mean spherical equivalent refraction was 0.15 ± 0.24 D in emmetropic and -7.1 ± 1.75 D in ME (p<0.001). No statistical differences between EE and ME were observed during the WDT response. EE had higher CT compared with ME at the fovea (361.4 ± 55.4 vs 257.9 ± 95.3; p<0.001), 3 mm nasal to the fovea (158.0 ± 71.8 vs 122.5 ± 54.5; p =0.047), and 3 mm temporally to the fovea (310.6 ± 52.4 vs 247.6 ± 90.1; p=0.05). Regarding CT variation, significant differences in foveal CT at 10 min after water ingestion were observed in both EE and ME, with no statistically significant difference observed between groups. A moderate correlation between IOP peak during the WDT and CT was demonstrated in ME (r=0.52; p=0.04). Conclusions: No statistically significant differences in CT variation during the WDT were observed between EE and ME, indicating similar behavior of the choroidal bed during the WDT in both groups. Further, CT was thinner in highly ME, with CT variation unable to explain elevations in IOP observed during the WDT.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a espessura de coroide (EC) e sua variação durante o teste de sobrecarga hídrica (TSH) em olhos emétropes (EE) e míopes (ME) utilizando a tomografia de coerência óptica Spectral-Domain (SD-OCT). Métodos: Ensaio clinico realizado em um hospital terciário. 30 olhos selecionados randomizadamente, 15 míopes e 15 emétropes de 15 pacientes em cada grupo foram submetidos ao TSH e scans maculares com SD-OCT realizados 10 e 45 minutos após a ingestão de água. Os principais resultados avaliados foram média da EC na região macular pelo SD-OCT e pressão intraocular (PIO) durante o TSH. Resultados: O equivalente esférico médio foi de 0.15 ± 0.24 dioptrias em emétropes e -7,1 ± 1,75 dioptrias nos olhos míopes (p<0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas durante a resposta ao TSH entre EE e ME. EE apresentaram maior EC em comparação com ME, tanto na região foveal (361,4 ± 55,4 vs 257,9 ± 95,3; p<0,001), 3 milímetros nasal à fóvea (158,0 ± 71,8 vs 122,5 ± 54,5; p=0,047) e 3 mm temporal à fóvea (310,6± 52.4 vs 247,6 ± 90,1; p=0,05). Em relação à variação da EC, diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram demonstrados na região foveal, 10 minutos após a ingestão de água em ambos EE e ME, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Moderada correlação entre pico de PIO durante o TSH e EC foi demonstrada em ME ( r=0,52; p=0,04). Conclusão: A diferença na variação da EC provocada pelo TSH não foi estatisticamente diferente entre olhos emétropes e míopes, o que sugere um comportamento semelhante da coroide nestes dois grupos quando submetidos ao TSH. Além disso, a EC é mais fina nos olhos alto míopes, e a variação na EC não explica o aumento da PIO durante o TSH.

Correlation between contrast vision and sweep visual evoked potential acuity / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the correlation between contrast vision (LV) and sweep visual evoked potential acuity (SVEP-A) among people with emmetropia, mild myopia, and moderate myopia.@*METHODS@#The CV and SVEP-A were tested individually in 96 eyes from healthy young volunteers, including 37 eyes of emmetropia, 27 eyes of mild myopia, and 32 eyes of moderate myopia. The statistic analysis was done by ANOVA analysis and rank sum test.@*RESULTS@#(1) With the decrease of contrast, CV and SVEP-A decreased in every group. (2) At 100% contrast, the difference of CV between emmetropia and mild myopia had statistical significance (P<0.05). At 100%, 25% and 10% contrast, the difference of CV between emmetropia and moderate myopia had statistical significance (P<0.05). (3) In the same group, the difference of 100% and 25% contrast had statistical significance (P < 0.05). So was between 100% and 10% contrast. (4) At 100% and 10% contrast, the difference of CV and SVEP-A had statistical significance (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The CV of myopia relates to many factors including ametropia and fundus lesions. The correction of ametropia is important to the values of CV and SVEP-A.

Implantable collamer lens and femtosecond laser for myopia: comparison using an adaptive optics visual simulator / Lente implantável de collamer e laser de femtosegundo para miopia: comparação usando um simulador visual de óptica adaptativa

Purpose: To compare optical and visual quality of implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation and femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (F-LASIK) for myopia. Methods: The CRX1 adaptive optics visual simulator (Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France) was used to simulate the wavefront aberration pattern after the two surgical procedures for -3-diopter (D) and -6-D myopia. Visual acuity at different contrasts and contrast sensitivities at 10, 20, and 25 cycles/degree (cpd) were measured for 3-mm and 5-mm pupils. The modulation transfer function (MTF) and point spread function (PSF) were calculated for 5-mm pupils. Results: F-LASIK MTF was worse than ICL MTF, which was close to diffraction-limited MTF. ICL cases showed less spread out of PSF than F-LASIK cases. ICL cases showed better visual acuity values than F-LASIK cases for all pupils, contrasts, and myopic treatments (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in contrast sensitivities between ICL and F-LASIK cases with -3-D myopia for both pupils for all evaluated spatial frequencies (p>0.05). For -6-D myopia, however, statistically significant differences in contrast sensitivities were found for both pupils for all evaluated spatial frequencies (p<0.05). Contrast sensitivities were better after ICL implantation than after F-LASIK. Conclusions: ICL implantation and F-LASIK provide good optical and visual quality, although the former provides better outcomes of MTF, PSF, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity, especially for cases with large refractive errors and pupil sizes. These outcomes are related to the F-LASIK producing larger high-order aberrations. .

Objetivo: Comparar a qualidade óptica e visual da lente implantável de collamer (ICL) e da ceratomileuse in situ com laser de femtosegundo (F-LASIK) na correção de miopia. Métodos: O simulador visual de óptica adaptativa CRX1 (Imagine Eyes, Orsay, França) foi usado para simular o padrão de aberração de frentes de onda, depois de dois procedimentos cirúrgicos: implante de ICL e tratamento F-LASIK para -3 e -6 D. A acuidade visual em diferentes contrastes e sensibilidade ao contraste em 10, 20 e 25 ciclos/grau (cpd) foram medidos para pupilas de 3 e 5 mm. A função de transferência de modulação (MTF) e a função de espalhamento de ponto (PSF) foram calculados para a pupila de 5 mm. Resultados: A MTF do F-LASIK foi pior do que a do ICL, que estava perto da MTF do limite de difração. A ICL apresentou menor espalhamento do PSF do que o F-LASIK. ICL apresentou melhores valores da acuidade visual do que F-LASIK para todas as pupilas, contrastes e tratamentos miópicos (p<0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes na sensibilidade ao contraste entre ICL e F-LASIK de -3 D, para ambas as pupilas e quaisquer frequências espaciais avaliadas (p>0,05). Por outro lado, para -6 D, diferenças estatisticamente significativas na sensibilidade ao contraste foram encontrados para ambas as pupilas e todas as frequências espaciais avaliadas (p<0,05). Sensibilidade ao contraste foi melhor após o implante da ICL que após o F-LASIK. Conclusões: ICL e F-LASIK proporcionam uma boa qualidade óptica e visual, embora a ICL oferece melhores resultados de MTF, PSF, acuidade visual e sensibilidade ao contraste, especialmente para grandes erros de refração e tamanhos de pupila. Estes resultados estão relacionados ao procedimento F-LASIK que induz maiores aberrações ...

Biometria no crescimento do olho alto míope na infância / Biometry in the growth of the high myopic eye in childhood

OBJETIVO: Determinar se o crescimento do globo ocular mensurado através da biometria óptica e ultrassônica em uma população pediátrica de altos míopes é significante, assim como variação significante da espessura do cristalino, profundidade da câmara anterior, curvatura corneana e achados fundoscópicos durante o acompanhamento. MÉTODOS: Uma população pediátrica (idade média: 8,7anos), 11 olhos de crianças portadoras de alta miopia (refração média inicial: -11,28D) foi submetida a avaliação seriada num período de nove meses incluindo-se biometria óptica (IOLMaster, Zeiss) e ultrassônica (Ultrascan, Alcon; técnica de contato), refratometria estática, oftalmoscopia indireta e retinografia. RESULTADOS: No período de nove meses, o crescimento do olho foi estatisticamente significante em 64% (7 olhos) e não ocorreu em 36% (3 olhos), com modificação do comprimento axial médio (pré=26,76 mm; final=26,98 mm). Neste período, o equivalente esférico refracional aumentou em 45% (5 olhos), não apresentou variação em 27% (3 olhos), com modificação da refração média (pré=-11,28 D; final=-11,69 D). Não houve variação estatisticamente significante da espessura do cristalino, profundidade da câmara anterior, curvatura corneana e do aspecto fundoscópico. CONCLUSÃO: No grupo de crianças com alta miopia acompanhadas num período de nove meses, demonstrou-se o crescimento do globo ocular com variação do comprimento axial tanto pela técnica de biometria óptica quanto ultrassônica, e com aumento da refratometria média. Outros parâmetros estudados como espessura do cristalino, profundidade da câmara anterior e curvatura da córnea não demonstraram variação no período de tempo do estudo.

PURPOSE: To determine if the growth of the axial length measured by optical and ultrasound biometry in a pediatric population of high myopes is significant, as well as significant variation of lens thickness, anterior chamber depth, corneal curvature and ophthalmoscopic findings during follow-up. METHODS: A pediatric population (mean age: 8.7 years old) of 11 high myopic eyes (mean initial refractive error: -11.28 D) was submitted to serial evaluation over a 9-months period including optical (IOLMaster, Zeiss) and ultrasound biometry (Ultrascan, Alcon, contact technique), cycloplegic refraction, indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography. RESULTS: During a 9-months period, eye growth was significant in 64% (7 eyes) and did not occur in 36% (3 eyes), with change in the mean axial length (pre=26.76 mm; final=26.98 mm). During this period, refractive spherical equivalent increased in 45% (5 eyes), did not show variation in 27% (3 eyes), with a change in mean refraction (pre=-11.28 D; final=-11.69 D). There was no statistically significant variation of lens thickness, anterior chamber depth, corneal curvature and ophthalmoscopic findings. CONCLUSION: Ocular globe growth (axial length) measured by optic and ultrasound biometry was significant in the high myopic pediatric population examined. The findings suggest that axial length variation preceded variation of other structures in the sample examined. In a group of children with high myopia followed during a 9-months period, ocular growth was demonstrated with variation of axial length either with optical or ultrasound biometry techniques, and change in mean refraction. Other parameters studied as lens thickness, anterior chamber depth and corneal curvature did not demonstrate variation during the time of the study.

Contrast sensitivity after refractive lens exchange with a multifocal diffractive aspheric intraocular lens / Sensibilidad al contraste tras cirugía de cristalino transparente con lente intraocular multifocal asférica difractiva

PURPOSE: To evaluate distance and near contrast sensitivity (CS) under photopic and mesopic conditions before and after refractive lens exchange (RLE) and implantation of the aspheric AcrySof®ReSTOR® (SN6AD3 model) intraocular lens (IOL). METHODS:Seventy-four eyes of 37 patients after RLE underwent bilateral implantation with the aspheric AcrySof ReSTOR IOL. The patient sample was divided into myopic and hyperopic groups. Monocular uncorrected visual acuity at distance and near (UCVA and UCNVA, respectively) and monocular best corrected visual acuity at distance and near (BCVA and BCNVA, respectively) were measured before and 6 months postoperatively. Monocular CS function was measured at three different luminance levels (85, 5 and 2.5 cd/m²) before and after RLE. Post-implantation results at 6 months were compared with those found before surgery. RESULTS: Our results revealed that patients in both groups obtained good UCVA and BCVA after RLE at distance and near vision in relation to pre-surgery values. No statistically significant differences were found between the values of CS pre and post-RLE at distance and near, at any lighting condition and spatial frequency (p>0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Refractive lens exchange with aspheric AcrySof ReSTOR IOL in myopic and hyperopic population provided good visual function and yield good distance and near CS under photopic and mesopic conditions.

PROPÓSITO: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la sensibilidad al contraste antes de la extracción de cristalino transparente y tras la implantación de la lente intraocular asférica AcrySof®ReSTOR® (SN6AD3) bajo condiciones fotópicas y mesópicas. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 74 ojos de 37 pacientes tras ser sometidos a cirugía de cristalino transparente bilateral con la lente intraocular AcrySof ReSTOR (SN6AD3 model). Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos: miopes e hipermétropes. A ambos grupos se les midió antes y a los 6 meses de la intervención quirúrgica la agudeza visual con la mejor corrección monocular en visión de lejos y de cerca, y la agudeza visual monocular no corregida para visión de lejos y de cerca. La función de sensibilidad al contraste fue medida a tres diferentes niveles de iluminación (85, 5 y 2.5 cd/m²) antes y después de la cirugía. Los resultados post-quirúrgicos a 6 meses fueron comparados con los pre-quirúrgicos. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes de ambos grupos mostraron buenos niveles de agudeza visual no corregida y con la mejor corrección tras la implantación de la lente intraocular para visión de lejos y cerca en comparación a los valores pre-quirúrgicos. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores pre y post-quirúrgicos de sensibilidad al contraste para cualquier distancia, frecuencia espacial o nivel de iluminación (p>0,002). CONCLUSIONES: La cirugía de cristalino transparente con la lente intraocular asférica AcrySof ReSTOR en pacientes miopes e hipermétropes proporciona una buena función visual en visión de lejos y de cerca bajo condiciones fotópicas y mesópicas.

Assessment of contrast sensitivity and aberrations after photorefractive keratectomy in patients with myopia greater than 5 diopters

This study aimed to assess changes in contrast sensitivity and aberrations in cases of myopia greater than 5.0 diopter [D] who had photorefractive keratectomy [PRK]. In this semi-experimental study, 20 eyes of ten patients were studied. Inclusion criteria were at least 5.0 D of myopia, stable refraction in the past year, no history of refractive surgery, a minimum corneal thickness of 480 micro m, and having surgery in both eyes. Exclusion criteria were the presence of any corneal condition. In addition to the routine tests, aberrometry and assessment of contrast sensitivity was done using the WaveLight Allegro Analyzer and the VectorVision CSV-1000. After PRK using the Concerto Excimer Laser [WaveLight, Alcon], patients were scheduled to have follow-up visits at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year after surgery. Contrast sensitivity with glare showed an increasing trend only at the spatial frequency of 3 cycles per degree [cpd] [P=0.013]. Contrast sensitivity without glared increased postoperatively at special frequencies of 3, 6, and 18 cpd [P<0.05]. The preoperative level of higher order aberrations root mean square [HOA RMS] of 0.24 +/- 0.08 reached 0.71 +/- 0.25 at 12 months after surgery. Assessment of comma and trefoil showed no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative values, but the amount of spherical aberration changed from a mean preoperative value of 0.0 +/- 0.09 to 0.27 +/- 0.15 at 12 months after surgery. In the treatment of myopia greater than 5.0 D, PRK with the Concerto Excimer Laser can improve contrast sensitivity in certain spatial frequencies. This is while HOA RMS and spherical aberration increase.

Refractive lens exchange with a multifocal diffractive aspheric intraocular lens / Cirurgia de cristalino transparente com lente intraocular multifocal asférica difrativa

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and predictability after refractive lens exchange with multifocal diffractive aspheric intraocular lens implantation. METHODS: Sixty eyes of 30 patients underwent bilateral implantation with AcrySof® ReSTOR® SN6AD3 intraocular lens with +4.00 D near addition. Patients were divided into myopic and hyperopic groups. Monocular best corrected visual acuity at distance and near and monocular uncorrected visual acuity at distance and near were measured before and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: After surgery, uncorrected visual acuity was 0.08 ± 0.15 and 0.11 ± 0.14 logMAR for the myopic and hyperopic groups, respectively (50% and 46.67% of patients had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better in the myopic and hyperopic groups, respectively). The safety and efficacy indexes were 1.05 and 0.88 for the myopic and 1.01 and 0.86 for the hyperopic groups at distance vision. Within the myopic group, 20 eyes remained unchanged after the surgery, and 3 gained >2 lines of best corrected visual acuity. For the hyperopic group, 2 eyes lost 2 lines of best corrected visual acuity, 21 did not change, and 3 eyes gained 2 lines. At near vision, the safety and efficacy indexes were 1.23 and 1.17 for the myopic and 1.16 and 1.13 for the hyperopic groups. Best corrected near visual acuity improved after surgery in both groups (from 0.10 logMAR to 0.01 logMAR in the myopic group, and from 0.10 logMAR to 0.04 logMAR in the hyperopic group). CONCLUSIONS: The ReSTOR® SN6AD3 intraocular lens in refractive lens exchange demonstrated good safety, efficacy, and predictability in correcting high ametropia and presbyopia.

INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a segurança, eficácia e efetividade da extração de cristalino transparente com implantação de lente intraocular multifocal difrativa. MÉTODOS: Sessenta olhos de 30 pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia bilateral de retirada de cristalino transparente com colocação de lente intraocular ReSTOR® SN6AD3 com adição de +4,00 D para perto. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: miopia e hipermetropia. Em ambos os grupos foram medidas a acuidade visual monocular de longe e de perto, com e sem a melhor correção, antes e 6 meses após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Após a cirurgia, os resultados de acuidade visual não corrigida para longe foram 0,08 ± 0,15 e 0,11 ± 0,14 logMAR para o grupo de míopes e hipermétropes, respectivamente (50% do grupo de míopes e 46,67% do grupo de hipermétropes tiveram uma acuidade visual para longe maior ou igual a 20/20). Os índices de segurança e eficácia foram 1,05 e 0,88 para o grupo de míopes e 1,01 e 0,86 para o grupo de hipermétropes, para a visão de distância. Dentro do grupo de míopes, 20 olhos permaneceram inalterados após a cirurgia, e 3 ganharam mais de 2 linhas da melhor acuidade visual corrigida. Para o grupo de hipermétropes, 2 olhos perderam 2 linhas da melhor acuidade visual corrigida, 21 não se alteraram e 3 ganharam 2 linhas. Na visão de perto, os índices de segurança e eficácia foram 1,23 e 1,17 para o grupo de míopes, e 1,16 e 1,13 para o grupo de hipermétropes, respectivamente. A acuidade visual binocular de perto com a melhor correção melhorou após a cirurgia nos dois grupos, de 0,10 logMAR para 0,01 logMAR no grupo de míopes e de 0,10 logMAR para 0,04 logMAR no grupo de hipermétropes. CONCLUSÕES: Podemos concluir que a lente intraocular ReSTOR® SN6AD3 demonstrou eficácia, segurança e previsibilidade na cirurgia de altas ametropias e presbiopia.

Foldable iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens implantation for the correction of myopia: Two years of follow-up.

Purpose: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and potential risks of Artiflex foldable iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation for the management of myopia. Materials and Methods: Seventy-eight eyes of 40 consecutive patients with a mean spherical refraction of –11.70 ± 3.77 diopters (D; range –5.50 to –17.5 D) were included in this prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. Main parameters assessed were uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), corneal topography (Orbscan II, BauchandLomb, Rochester, NY, USA), manifest and cycloplegic refractive errors, endothelial cell density (ECD) and applanation tonometry. Results: After 2 years, BSCVA was 20/40 or better in 82% of the eyes and UCVA was 20/40 or better in 84% of the eyes. After 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years, 51.3% (37 of 72 eyes), 58.9% (46 of 78 eyes) and 76.0% (38 of 50 eyes) of eyes gained 1 line or more of BSCVA, respectively. Compared to preoperative values, the mean endothelial cell loss was 2.6% at 1 month, 4.9% at 1 year and 7.4% at 2 years. Pigmented or non-pigmented precipitates were observed in17 eyes (21.7%) which were treated with topical corticosteroids. At the second postoperative year, pigmented precipitates persisted in nine eyes. However, this was not associated with a loss of BSCVA. Conclusion: The implantation of Artiflex pIOL is an effective surgical option for the management of high myopia. The most common complication observed within 2 years of follow-up was accumulation of pigmented precipitates with no effect on the final BSCVA.

Attempts to Reduce the Progression of Myopia and Spectacle Prescriptions during Childhood: A Survey of Eye Specialists

PURPOSE: To determine methods tried in clinical trials to reduce the progression of myopia in children, and spectacle prescribing patterns of hospital ophthalmologists. METHODS: A multi-sectioned survey composed of Likert items relating to the methods of reducing myopia progression (orthokeratology lenses [O-K lenses], undercorrected glasses, and topical atropine) and the patterns of prescribing spectacles for children (including two cases involving a 5-year-old girl and an 8-year-old boy) were distributed to members of the Korean Ophthalmological Society, and the collected data was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 78 out of 130 ophthalmologists returned the survey. On a scale of 1 to 5, the mean rates of whether the ophthalmologists think O-K lenses arrest myopia progression, and whether they recommend their patients to wear O-K lenses if indicative, were 3.06 and 2.75, respectively. Moreover, the mean rates of whether they consider that wearing glasses which are undercorrected would slow down the progression of the myopia, or if they think topical atropine helps in arresting myopia progression in children, were 2.34 and 1.27, respectively. In response to the case studies, the majority of practitioners preferred to prescribe the full amount found in cycloplegic refraction to pediatric patients with myopia. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmologists in clinical practice encouraged children to wear O-K lenses more than undercorrected glasses as a way to retard myopia progression. However, the application of atropine is rarely tried in clinical trials. In managing pediatric patients with myopia (case specific), the majority of the practitioners chose to prescribe glasses with full cycloplegic correction.

Relationship between best corrected visual acuity and refraction parameters in myopia / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the relationship between best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and refraction parameters in myopia.@*METHODS@#Two thousand two hundred and seventy-four patients (4245 eyes) with different degrees of myopia were collected. Their BCVA, diopter of spherical (DS), diopter of cylinder (DC), astigmatism axis, axial length (AL) and corneal thickness were detected. The influence of those parameters on BCVA was studied and the mathematical model of the relationship between BCVA and other parameters including the age and gender of patients was established.@*RESULTS@#The logistic regression analysis showed that there were correlations between the BCVA (y) and DS (x1), DC (x2), gender (x3), AL (x4), corneal thickness (x5), astigmatism axis (x6) and age (x7) (P<0.05): y=0.580 6-0.034 0 x1-0.046 8 x2+0.056 5 x3+0.016 5 x4+ 0.0007 x5+0.000 2 x6-0.005 8 x7.@*CONCLUSION@#For people with myopia, age, gender and corneal thickness have small effect on BCVA, while the DS, DC, AL and astigmatism axis have significant effect on BCVA. The BCVA would decline following the extension of DS, DC and AL. It is helpful to assess the vision of myopia by analyzing the refraction parameters comprehensively.

Correlation of pattern reversal visual evoked potentials P100 with visual acuity / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore pattern reversal visual evoked potential (PRVEP) P100 components in the patients with different visual acuity and the correlation of P100 components with visual acuity using different visual simulation angles.@*METHODS@#PRVEPs were recorded at Oz point in the patients (100 eyes) with different visual acuity including 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 and induced by pattern reversal visual simulation with the different spatial frequencies(check sizes: 8 degrees-7.5'). The latency and amplitude of components P100 were analyzed and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 software.@*RESULTS@#The latency and amplitude of P100 wave showed a curvilinear relationship with check sizes. With check size 10 simulation in 0.2 visual acuity group, the P100 latency reached to the minimum and the P100 amplitude showed peak value. Other groups displayed the best value with check size 30'. The P100 latency and amplitude showed a linear correlation with visual acuity. With the increase of visual acuity, the P100 wave latency decreased and the amplitude increased gradually. Regression models between visual acuity and the Pic wave latency and amplitude were also established.@*CONCLUSION@#The regression functions can be an objective and accurate method to evaluate the visual acuity based on the better simulation angles using PRVEP examination.

Factors Influencing Corneal Flap Thickness in Laser In Situ Keratomileusis with a Femtosecond Laser

PURPOSE: To evaluate factors responsible for the variability between intended and achieved corneal-flap thickness during femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS: A prospective, nonrandomized, case study was performed on 35 eyes of 18 consecutive patients who underwent LASIK surgery using the 60 kHz femtosecond laser microkeratome. Eyes were assigned to three different thickness groups, with 110-, 120-, or 130-microm cut depths. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography was used to assess the morphology of 35 LASIK flaps at postoperative one week postoperatively. The flap thickness was assessed at seven measuring points across each flap. Patient age, preoperative spherical equivalent, manual keratometry, preoperative central pachymetry, and regional variability of the cornea were evaluated to determine where they influenced the achieved corneal flap thickness. RESULTS: Cuttings of all flaps were easily performed without any intraoperative complications. Flap-thickness measurements had a mean of 115.21 +/- 4.98 microm (intended thickness, 110 microm), 121.90 +/- 5.79 microm (intended, 120 microm), and 134.38 +/- 5.04 microm (intended, 130 microm), respectively. There was no significant difference between the 110-microm and 120-microm groups when compared with the 130-microm group (one-way analysis of variance test, p > 0.05). Patients' age, preoperative spherical equivalent, manual keratometry, and preoperative central pachymetry did not affect the achieved flap thickness (Pearson correlations test, p > 0.05). The reproducibility of flap thickness in the central 1.5-mm radius area was more accurate than that in the peripheral 3.0 to 4.0-mm radius area (paired samples t-test, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK is likely to reproduce a reliable thickness of the corneal flap, which is independent of corneal shape factors or refractive status. Future studies should focus on variations in corneal biomechanical factors, which may also play an important role in determining flap thickness.

Fator de correção para indivíduos com capacidade acomodativa baseado no uso do refrator automático / Correction factor for individuals with accommodative capacity based on automated refractor

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar um fator de correção para avaliação do erro refrativo sem a utilização da cicloplegia. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 623 pacientes (1.246 olhos), de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 3 e 40 anos. As refratometrias estática e dinâmica foram obtidas usando-se o refrator automático Shin-Nippon Accuref-K 9001. A cicloplegia foi obtida com a instilação de uma gota de colírio ciclopentolato a 1 por cento, com refratometria estática 30 minutos após. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística usando a técnica do modelo de regressão linear e modelo de regressão múltipla do valor dióptrico com e sem cicloplegia, em função da idade. RESULTADOS: A correlação entre valores dióptricos sem e com cicloplegia quanto ao erro astigmático variou de 81,52 por cento a 92,27 por cento. Quanto ao valor dióptrico esférico, a correlação foi menor (53,57 por cento a 87,78 por cento). O mesmo se observou em relação ao eixo do astigmatismo (28,86 por cento a 58,80 por cento). O modelo de regressão múltipla em função da idade mostrou coeficiente de determinação múltiplo maior para a miopia (86,38 por cento) e astigmatismo (79,79 por cento). O menor coeficiente foi observado para o eixo do astigmatismo (17,70 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Avaliando-se os erros refrativos com e sem cicloplegia, observou-se alta correlação nas ametropias cilíndricas. Foram desenvolvidas equações matemáticas como fator de correção para refratometrias dos pacientes sem cicloplegia, portadores de ametropias cilíndricas e esféricas.

PURPOSE: To determine a correction factor for refractive errors evaluated without cycloplegy effect. METHODS: A study was made with 623 patients (1,246 eyes) of both sexes, aging between 3 and 40 years old. The dynamic and static refractometries were obtained using the automated refractor Shin-Nippon Accuref-K 9001. 1 percent Cyclopentolate was dropped and the static refractometry was performed in 30 minutes. Data were analyzed using the linear regression model and the multiple regression model of the diopter values with and without cycloplegy effect according to age. RESULTS: The correlation between the astigmatism diopter values with and without cicloplegy ranged from 81.52 percent to 92.27 percent. Analyzing the spherical diopter values, the correlation was lower (53.57 percent to 87.78 percent). The astigmatism axis also revealed low correlation values (28.86 percent to 58.80 percent). The multiple regression model according to age demonstrated multiple determination coefficient with high values for myopia (86.38 percent) and astigmatism (79.79 percent). The lowest multiple determination coefficient was observed for astigmatism axis (17.70 percent). CONCLUSION: It was possible to demonstrate a high correlation in refractive errors with and without cycloplegy effect on the cylindrical ametropies. Mathematical formules, for cylindrical and spherical ametropies, were presented as a correction factor for refraction of the patients not submitted to cycloplegy.

Correção das aberrações oculares nos retratamentos de LASIK personalizado e convencional / Correction of ocular aberrations in custom and standard LASIK retreatments

OBJETIVO: Comparar a correção das aberrações oculares nos retratamentos de LASIK personalizado e convencional. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, randomizado, de 74 olhos de 37 pacientes submetidos ao retratamento de LASIK para correção de miopia e astigmatismo. Cada paciente foi submetido ao retratamento de LASIK personalizado Zyoptix (Bausch & Lomb) em um olho e convencional Planoscan (Bausch & Lomb) no olho contralateral. Foi comparada a correção das aberrações oculares nos retratamentos personalizado e convencional. RESULTADOS: No sexto mês pós-operatório, os olhos submetidos ao retratamento Zyoptix apresentaram diminuição estatisticamente significativa do defocus, astigmatismo, coma, aberração esférica, segunda ordem, terceira ordem, alta ordem e aberrações totais. Os olhos submetidos ao retratamento Planoscan apresentaram diminuição estatisticamente significativa do defocus, segunda ordem e aberrações totais. CONCLUSÕES: O retratamento personalizado foi superior ao retratamento convencional para a correção das aberrações oculares de baixa e alta ordens.

PURPOSE: To compare the correction of ocular aberrations between custom and standard LASIK retreatment. METHODS: Prospective, randomized trial with paired eye control of 74 eyes from 37 patients who underwent LASIK retreatment. Each patient underwent retreatment using Zyoptix LASIK (Bausch & Lomb) in 1 eye and Planoscan LASIK (Bausch & Lomb) in the fellow eye. Correction of ocular aberrations was compared between custom and standard LASIK retreatments. RESULTS: At 6 months, there was a statistically significant reduction in defocus, astigmatism, coma, spherical aberration, second, third, higher-order and total aberration in Zyoptix eyes. There was a statistically significant reduction in defocus, second-order and total aberration in Planoscan eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Custom retreatment was statistically superior than standard retreatment for correction of lower and higher ocular aberrations.

Qualidade visual após retratamento de LASIK personalizado versus convencional / Visual quality after custom versus standard LASIK retreatment

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade visual após retratamento personalizado e retratamento convencional em olhos submetidos a LASIK primário convencional. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo de 74 olhos submetidos ao retratamento de LASIK para correção de miopia e astigmatismo. Cada paciente foi submetido ao retratamento de LASIK com ablação personalizada (Zyoptix, Bausch & Lomb) em um olho e ablação convencional (Planoscan, Bausch & Lomb) no olho contralateral. Foram comparados os resultados do teste de ofuscamento e da sensibilidade ao contraste durante o acompanhamento de seis meses. RESULTADOS: Os olhos do grupo Zyoptix apresentaram melhores resultados no teste de ofuscamento e na sensibilidade ao contraste do que o olho contralateral, quando se compararam os resultados. CONCLUSÕES: O retratamento personalizado resultou em melhor qualidade visual pós-operatória do que o retratamento convencional de LASIK primário convencional.

PURPOSE: To evaluate visual quality after wavefront-guided LASIK versus standard LASIK in retreatment of primary LASIK for myopia and myopic astigmatism. METHODS: A prospective study was performed with paired eye control of 74 eyes with LASIK retreatment. Each patient underwent retreatment using custom ablation (Zyoptix, Bausch & Lomb) in 1 eye and standard ablation LASIK (PlanoScan, Bausch & Lomb) in the contralateral eye. A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed, including evaluation of glare test and contrast sensitivity test, with a follow-up of 6 months. RESULTS: Zyoptix eyes showed better results of glare test and contrast sensitivity test than the contralateral eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Wavefront-guided LASIK produces better visual quality than standard LASIK in the retreatment of refractive errors after primary LASIK.

Effect of laser in situ keratomileusis on accommodation / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The accommodative function before and after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) was observed, and the effect of LASIk on accommodation was investigated. In a prospective clinical trial, 48 myopic patients (96 eyes) subject to bilateral LASIK in Refractive Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (China) from March 2006 to June 2006 were selected and studied. Refractions, accommodative range, amplitude of accommodative response and high frequency component (HFC) of accommodative microfluctuations were measured with NEDIK-730A before and one week and 30 days after operation. Dominant and non-dominant eyes were determined by hole-in-card method. It was found that all of the operative eyes showed an uncorrected visual acuity of 0.8 or better one week postoperatively, and 1.0 or better 30 days postoperatively. Compared with those preoperatively, accommodative range and HFC had no significant difference at first week and 30th day after operation in both dominant eyes and non-dominant eyes (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference in the amplitude of accommodative response/accommodative stimulus ratio (A/S) after operation (P<0.01), and no significant difference was found in accommodation between one week and 30 days postoperation. No ocular dominance's change was noted. There was no significant difference in accommodative function between dominant eyes and non-dominant eyes. It was suggested that LASIK produced no significant effect on accommodation.

Long-term results of photorefractive keratectomy for myopia and myopic astigmatism

PURPOSE: To assess the long-term refractive outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy in myopia and myopic astigmatism. METHODS: A retrospective study of 120 photorefractive keratectomy operated eyes with at least four-year follow-up (maximum of 96 months, mean follow-up 55 months). We divided patients into group 1 (G1) spherical equivalent (SE) up to -4.00 diopters (D) and group 2 (G2) SE >-4.00 D. The Summit Apex Plus® excimer laser was used for ablation. All eyes were analyzed in terms of uncorrected and best spectacle corrected visual acuity (UCVA/BSCVA) and cycloplegic refraction. Data were analyzed using the Refractive Surgery Consultant Elite database software. RESULTS: G1 with 85 eyes (49 patients) presented mean SE -2.42 D and G2 with 35 eyes (22 patients) and mean SE of -4.45 D. Ninety-four percent of eyes in G1 and 82.9 percent of G2 were within ±1.00 D of emmetropia at 4 years. The UCVA was 20/30 or better in 82.0 percent of G1 eyes and 77.0 percent of G2 in the last postoperative follow-up. No patient lost more than one line in G2 compared to 13.0 percent in G1. Eyes that gained one or more lines after 4-year follow-up were 11.9 percent G1 and 2.9 percent in G2, respectively. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between achieved versus attempted refractive correction in both groups (r=0.925, p<0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Photorefractive keratectomy was a safe and stable surgical procedure to correct myopic refractive errors, with no significant change in mean postoperative spherical equivalent refraction in the long-term follow-up.

OBJETIVO: Relatar os resultados a longo prazo da cirurgia de ceratectomia fotorefrativa em miopia e astigmatismo miópico. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de120 olhos operados de ceratectomia fotorefrativa com um mínimo intervalo de 4 anos de seguimento pós-operatório (máximo de 96 meses e seguimento médio de 55 meses). Dividimos em grupo 1 (G1) com equivalente esférico (SE) até -4.00 dioptrias (D) e grupo 2(G2) SE > -4.00 D. O excimer laser Summit Apex Plus® foi usado na ablação. Foram obtidas acuidade visual não corrigida (UCVA) e melhor acuidade visual corrigida (BSCVA) e refração sob cicloplegia. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa Refractive Surgery Consultant Elite database®. RESULTADOS: G1 com 85 olhos (49 pacientes) apresentaram SE médio de -2.42 D e o G2 com 35 olhos (22 pacientes) e SE médio de -4,45 D. No G1 94 por cento e 82,9 por cento no G2 estavam entre ±1,00D de emetropia em 4 anos. A acuidade visual não corrigida foi de 20/30, ou melhor, em 82,0 por cento nos olhos de G1 e 77,0 por cento de G2 no último seguimento. Nenhum paciente perdeu mais do que uma linha de visão no G2 comparado com 13,0 por cento em G1. Ganho de linha de visão após 4 anos foi respectivamente 11,9 por cento em G1 e 2,9 por cento em G2. Correlação positiva estatisticamente significante foi encontrada entre correção refrativa programada versus atingida em ambos os grupos (r=0,925, p<0,0005). CONCLUSÃO: Ceratectomia fotorefrativa foi um procedimento cirúrgico seguro e estável para corrigir erros refracionais miópicos, sem mudança significativa no equivalente esférico médio da refração pós-operatória em longo prazo.

Lente de contato de material híbrido em pacientes com ceratocone e astigmatismo miópico composto / Hybrid material contact lens in keratoconus and myopic astigmatism patients

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o desempenho visual e o conforto de lentes de contato de material híbrido, quanto ao apresentado por pacientes portadores de ceratocone e astigmatismo miópico composto, e comparar com a lente de contato rígida-gás-permeável nos dois grupos de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Foram submetidos à adaptação com lentes de contato 22 pacientes, sendo 8 portadores de astigmatismo miópico composto e 14 com diagnóstico de ceratocone. Entre os pacientes, 7 eram do sexo masculino e 15 do feminino, com idade média de 32,13 anos ± 8,12. Cada paciente recebeu uma lente de contato de material híbrido e, no contralateral, uma lente rígida-gás-permeável. A escolha da lente a ser adaptada no olho direito ou esquerdo foi feita aleatoriamente, sendo o trabalho duplo-mascarado. Os pacientes foram submetidos aos seguintes exames: medida do conforto por meio da escala visual analógica, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, acuidade visual pela escala de Bailey-Lovie adaptada para quatro metros, sensibilidade ao contraste pelo "functional acuity contrast test" e análise das aberrações oculares pela análise de frentes de onda. RESULTADOS: Com relação ao conforto não houve associação com o tipo de lente (p=0,350). Houve variação no conforto referido ao longo do tempo até 7 dias (p=0,001), estabilizando-se após este período. A medida da acuidade visual sofreu aumento entre a adaptação e a medida obtida aos 7 dias, bem como desta para a medida de 15 dias, estabilizando-se então. A acuidade visual não apresentou diferenças com relação ao tipo de lente estudada. Verificou-se que não houve diferença no tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (p=0,989) com relação aos tipos de lentes, porém houve diminuição deste (p=0,001) quando comparadas as medidas antes do início do uso das lentes e com dois meses de uso. Os tipos de lentes não revelaram associação com a sensibilidade ao contraste e não diferiram das medidas feitas com o uso de óculos, exceto para a freqüência...

PURPOSE: To evaluate comfort and visual performance in relation to two different used contact lens types: hybrid material (HM) and rigid-gas-permeable (RGP), in patients with regular myopic astigmatism and with keratoconus. METHODS: A randomized, double masked, prospective study of 22 patients with the diagnosis of myopic astigmatism (8 with myopic astigmatism and 14 with keratoconus) was conducted. Fifteen patients were female and 7 were male, and mean age was: 32.13 ± 8.12 years. In one of the eyes a rigid-gas-permeable contact lens was adapted (DK 30), and in the other a hybrid material contact lens was adapted (DK 23). All patients were submitted to the following tests: measurement of comfort level by means of the analogical visual scale, tear break-up time, best corrected visual acuity with the Bailey-Lovie scale adapted for 4 meters, functional acuity contrast test (FACT) and wavefront analysis. RESULTS: In relation to comfort, there was no association with the evaluated contact lens type (p=0.350). There was a variation in comfort level during the first 7 days. The visual acuity increased between the 7th and the 15th day of adaptation. Visual acuity stabilized right after this period. The visual acuity did not show differences in relation to the studied lens type. It was verified that there was no difference in the tear break-up time (p=0.989) in relation to the studied lenses type and there was a decrease in the tear break-up time (p=0.001) when we compared the measurement before the use of the lenses and 2 months after their use. There was no difference in contrast sensitivity in the used lens type and between each type and the use of glasses (p<0.047). High order aberrations decreased significantly when comparing patients with and without contact lenses, except for spherical and coma aberrations (p=0.394). CONCLUSION: Comfort and visual performance when comparing hybrid material and rigid-gas-permeable contact lenses...