Análisis semántico y gramatical de los términos latinos de los ramos terminales del nervio nasociliar / Semantic and grammatical analysis of latin terms of the terminal branches of the nasociliary nerve

RESUMEN: La necesidad de unificar criterios respecto a los nombres de las estructuras anatómicas ha sido una permanente preocupación de los anatomistas del mundo, de tal manera que a partir de 1895 se inicia un proceso de estandarización y normalización de la terminología anatómica mundial. Se publica la Nomina Anatomica tratando de nominar las estructuras con un solo nombre en latín y se suprime los epónimos y homónimos. En la actualidad la Terminologia Anatomica sustituye a la Nomina Anatomica, con las mismas características, pero con la adición del término en el idioma de cada país. Sin embargo, persisten algunos errores desde la elaboración de la Nomina Anatomica y que se mantienen en Terminologia Anatomica, derivados tanto de la estructura gramatical latina, principalmente en el número y género, así como de la descripción de algunas estructuras anatómicas. Este es el caso de los ramos del nervio nasociliar, específicamente del ramo etmoidal anterior y del ramo infratroclear. Para el efecto se realizó una revisión de la descripción del nervio nasociliar y sus ramos terminales, se compararon entre sí y con los nombres que aparecen en la Terminologia Anatomica, para verificar que tanto la descripción como la construcción gramatical latina sean correctas. Se encontraron errores en la estructuración gramatical y jerárquica del ramo nasal interno, así como la supresión de los ramos palpebrales superior e inferior del nervio infratroclear, por lo que proponemos el cambio del término codificado con A14.2.01.031 a Ramus nasalis internus y la adición de los nombres Ramus palpebralis superior y Ramus palpebralis inferior.

SUMMARY: The need to unify criteria regarding the names of anatomical structures has been a permanent concern of anatomists worldwide. Therefore, and beginning in 1895 a standardization and normalization process of world anatomical terminology was initiated. The Nomina Anatomica is published in an attempt to name the structures with a single name in Latin and the eponyms and homonyms are deleted. Today the Terminologia Anatomica replaces the Nomina Anatomica, with the same characteristics, but with the addition of the term in the language of each country. Nevertheless, some errors persist from the Nomina Anatomica that remain in Terminologia Anatomica, derived from both the Latin grammatical structure, mainly in the number and gender, as well as the description of some anatomical structures. This is the case of the nasociliary nerve branches, specifically the anterior ethmoidal branch and the infratroclear branch. For this purpose, a review of the description of the nasociliary nerve and its terminal branches was made, they were compared between each other, and with the names that appear in the Terminologia Anatomica, to verify that both the description and the Latin grammatical construction are correct. Errors were found in the grammatical and hierarchical structure of the internal nasal branch, as well as the suppression of the upper and lower palpebral branches of the infratrochlear nerve. Therefore, we propose the change of the coded term with A14.2.01.031 to "Ramus nasalis internus" and the addition of the names "Ramus palpebralis superior" and "Ramus palpebralis inferior".

Detection of amino acids in human nasal mucosa using microdialysis technique: increased glutamate in allergic rhinitis.

Amino acids, the smaller basic biochemical units of neuropeptides, have not been evaluated in the nasal cavity. The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of neurotransmitting amino acids of the central nervous system, glutamate, aspartate, serine, taurine (2-aminoethane sulfonic acid; a conditionally essential amino acids), and GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid; an amino acid produced in the brain), in nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis patients and normal controls using a microdialysis technique. A microdialysis probe appropriate for use on human nasal mucosa was developed using Cuprophan hollow fiber. Glutamate concentration in allergy group was significantly higher (p = 0.004) than in control group, while the concentrations of the other four amino acids showed no significant difference between the two groups. Our findings and review of the literature suggest that glutamate is one of the most potent neurotransmitters associated with the parasympathetic nerve in the nasal cavity, and that the microdialysis technique is useful in studying the pharmacokinetics in situ and local organ chemistry of the nasal cavity.

Reversal of nostril dominance by posture.

Reflex reversal of differential air flow through nostrils (DAFTN) by the adoption of suitable lateral recumbent position was studied in male Nigerian subjects. The subjects who demonstrated more air flow through the left nostril initially in the supine position, adopted left lateral recumbent (LLR) position which brought the decongested left nostril to the down-side and the congested right nostril to the upside. Within 3 to 4 minutes after the adoption of LLR position, the air flow through the nostrils was equalised and by 11th minute the DAFTN was reversed, with more air flowing through the upsided right nostril. Return of the subjects to supine position could not result in the recovery to the initial pattern of DAFTN. It is suggested that reversal of DAFTN with adoption of suitable lateral recumbent position was a reflex effect due to the pressure stimuli to the lower lateral side of the body particularly around the shoulder region and effect was mediated through the sympathetic innervation to mucosal venous sinuses of the nostrils. Possibility of gravitational effect was ruled out.

Gustatory rhinorrhoea syndrome: result of misreinnervation in leprosy.

A case of excessive rhinorrhoea in response to taste stimulus, due to misdirection of regenerating nerve fibres following recovery of facial nerve in leprosy is described under title of "Gustatory Rhinorrhoea Syndrome". The pathophysiology of such conditions are discussed in the light of available literature.