Seguimiento del neurodesarrollo en los recién nacidos pretérminos tardíos hasta los dos años de edad / Neurodevelopment follow up to late preterm new burns until two years old

Introducción: Los recién nacidos pretérminos tardíos presentan complicaciones a corto y a largo plazo que pueden afectar su neurodesarrollo. Objetivo: Evaluar el estado del neurodesarrollo de los recién nacidos pretérminos tardíos hasta los dos años de edad. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional analítico y longitudinal, en 69 recién nacidos pretérminos tardíos, ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales del Hospital Dr. Ángel Arturo Aballí, desde marzo 2009, hasta diciembre 2014, remitidos a la consulta de neurodesarrollo. Los resultados obtenidos se compararon con un grupo control conformado por recién nacidos a término y se expresaron en porcentajes. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino en ambos grupos (65,2 vs.59,4) y el nacimiento por cesárea en los recién nacidos pretérminos tardíos (68,1 vs. 39,9). Los pretérminos tardíos tuvieron mayor necesidad de ventilación mecánica (52,2 vs. 23,2) y de uso de drogas anticonvulsivas (13,0 vs. 5,8). Se observó mayor incidencia de alteraciones del neurodesarrollo en los recién nacidos pretérminos tardíos a los 6 meses (18,8 vs. 15,9), al año (8,7 vs 7,2) y a los 2 años (7,7 vs 2,3). Se observó mayor incidencia de resultados anormales en ultrasonido de cráneo (7,2 vs. 2,9), potenciales evocados auditivos de tallo cerebral (14,5 vs 1,4 por ciento) y en el examen del fondo de ojo (4,3 vs 1,4). Conclusiones: El nacimiento por cesárea prevalece en los recién nacidos pretérminos tardíos, tienen mayor necesidad de ventilación mecánica y reanimación al nacer. Este grupo presenta más afectación del neurodesarrollo que el grupo control y mayor riesgo de pérdida auditiva(AU)

Introduction: The late preterm newborns (LPN) present complications to short and long term that can affect their neurodevelopment. Objective: To evaluate the state of neurodevelopment in LPN until two years of age. Methods: It was carried out a retrospective, observational, analytic and longitudinal study with 69 LPN admitted in the neonatal intensive cares unit of Dr. Ángel Arturo Aballí Hospital from March 2009 to December 2014 that were referenced to the neurodevelopment consultation. The obtained results were compared with a control group conformed by term newborns. The results were expressed in percentages. Results: Masculine sex prevailed in both groups (65.2 percent vs. 59.4 percent) and the birth by Caesarean operation in the LPN (68.1 percent vs. 39.9 percent in the control group). LPN had bigger mechanical ventilation (52.2 percent vs. 23.2 percent) and of anti-seizure drugs use's needs (13.0 percent vs. 5.8 percent). It was observed a greater incidence of neurodevelopment alterations in the LPN to 6 months old (18.8 percent vs. 15.9 percent), 1-year-old (8.7 percent vs. 7.2 percent) and 2 years olds (7.7 percent vs. 2.3 percent). In the studies, bigger incidence of abnormal results was observed in transfontanelle ultrasonography (7.2 percent vs 2.9 percent), auditory evoked potentials of cerebral stem (14.5 percent vs. 1.4 percent) and in ocular fundus (4.3 percent vs. 1.4 percent). Conclusions: The birth by Caesarean section predominated in the LPN that is why they needed mechanical ventilation and resuscitation at birth. This group presented more affectation of the neurodevelopment state than the control group and bigger risk of hearing loss(AU)

Alfabetización en salud mental para disminuir la brecha de atención en población adolescente escolarizada / Mental health literacy to reduce the attention gap in adolescent school population

La Organización Mundial de la Salud brinda recomendaciones para reducir las deficiencias en el tratamiento de la enfermedad mental; una de ellas es educar a la población. La evidencia disponible muestra que el conocimiento mejorado sobre la salud mental y los trastornos mentales, una mejor conciencia de cómo buscar ayuda y tratamiento, y la reducción del estigma contra las enfermedades mentales a nivel individual, comunitario e institucional, pueden promover la identificación temprana de los trastornos mentales, mejorar los resultados de salud mental y aumentar el uso de los servicios de salud. El presente estudio constituye un acercamiento al tratamiento de la temática a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, la cual se acometió con el objetivo de consultar y analizar la literatura para conocer sobre la alfabetización en salud mental y establecer la importancia de esta en adolescentes escolarizados(AU)

Atenção Básica como ordenadora do cuidado ao bebê de risco para alterações do neurodesenvolvimento / Primary Health Care as a guide for assistance to infants at risk of neurodevelopmental disorders

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar bebês de risco quanto ao perfil sociodemográfico e de saúde e descrever o acompanhamento de parte destes nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS), segundo diferentes modelos de gestão. Método Levantamento de dados de prontuários dos bebês de risco nascidos na região Oeste da cidade de São Paulo entre agosto de 2013 e fevereiro de 2014 em duas etapas (1 - caracterização; 2 - acompanhamento do desenvolvimento). Resultados Dos 225 indivíduos incluídos na primeira etapa, 51,1% eram do gênero feminino e 7,11% eram gemelares. Predominaram mães adolescentes (45,2%), pardas (50,56%), com ensino fundamental completo (47,60%) e solteiras (46,09%). A média de consultas pré-natais foi de 7,12. A maioria teve parto vaginal (62,21%) com idade gestacional média de 37,05 semanas. A média do Apgar foi de 7,13 no 1º minuto e 8,80 no 5º minuto. O peso médio ao nascimento foi de 2597,21 g, com 50,22% apresentando peso ≤2500g. Na segunda etapa, descreveu-se e comparou-se o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento de 55 bebês, segundo o modelo de gestão das UBS (28 em UBS/Estratégia Saúde da Família [ESF] e 27 em UBS tradicional). As UBS/ESF apresentaram maior média de consultas (p=0,006). Houve maior intervalo entre consultas nas UBS tradicionais. Da amostra, 56% não apresentaram registros referentes aos marcos de desenvolvimento. As medidas de crescimento foram registradas em maior número nas UBS/ESF. Para ambos, o número de consultas e o intervalo entre estas foram menores que o preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Conclusão Ainda existem lacunas no acompanhamento ao bebê de risco, segundo as diretrizes preconizadas na Rede Cegonha.

ABSTRACT Purpose Characterize infants at risk of neurodevelopmental disorders according to sociodemographic and health profiles and describe their monitoring in Basic Health Units (UBS) under different management models. Methods Data were collected from medical records of infants at risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the west region of the city of Sao Paulo from August 2013 to February 2014 (phase 1 - characterization; phase 2 - monitoring). Results Of the 225 individuals assessed in the first phase of the study, 51.1% were female and 7.11% were twins. Adolescent (45.2%), brown (50.56%), single (46.09%), complete primary education (47.60%) mothers were predominant. The mean number of prenatal visits was 7.12. Most mothers had vaginal delivery (62.22%) at mean gestational age of 37.05 weeks. Mean Apgar scores at the 1st and 5th minutes were 7.13 and 8.80, respectively. Mean weight at birth was 2597.21g., with 50.22% of newborns weighting ≤2500g. In its second phase, the study describes and compares the follow-up of 55 infants according to the UBS management model: 28 in UBS/"Estratégia Saúde da Família" (UBS/ESF) and 27 in traditional UBS (UBS/T). UBS/ESF presented higher mean of consultations (p=0.006). Longer interval between consultations was observed at UBS/T. No records of development milestones were found in 56% of the sample. Growth measures were better registered at UBS/ESF. In both management models, the number of consultations was smaller and the interval between them was shorter than those recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Conclusion According to the recommended guidelines of the "Rede Cegonha" public policy, gaps in the monitoring of infants at risk of neurodevelopmental disorders are still observed.

Impacto negativo de los medios tecnológicos en el neurodesarrollo infantil / Negative impact of technological media on child neurodevelopment

Resumen La exposición y el uso de medios electrónicos por parte de la mayoría de los niños es una realidad desde los primeros años de vida. Esta realidad se ha instalado en la vida de nuestros niños y de nuestra sociedad antes de que investigaciones cientí cas hayan podido evaluar su real impacto en el neurodesarrollo infantil. En los lactantes y pre-escolares, la exposición a pantallas electrónicas se ha asociado a un menor nivel de desarrollo cognitivo y del lenguaje. Asimismo, a mediano plazo, se ha relacionado con mayor riesgo de sobrepeso, dé cit de atención, y el riesgo de adoptar una actitud pasiva frente al mundo. En la edad escolar y en la adolescencia, el uso de estos instrumentos tecnológicos puede brindar oportunidades positivas para los aprendizajes y para la socialización. Sin embargo, más frecuentemente se observa un uso excesivo de estos dispositivos electrónicos, que repercute sobre la capacidad de concentración, el rendimiento escolar y sobre la cantidad y calidad del sueño nocturno. Algunos adolescentes que utilizan demasiado las redes sociales presentan síntomas de depresión, de déficit de sueño, sobrepeso, aislamiento social (afectados por el ciber-bullying), o están expuestos a contenidos y contactos inapropiados o riesgosos, y comprometen su privacidad y la con dencialidad de sus datos personales. Por todo ello, la comunidad académica debe informar sobre estos serios riesgos a la población, al mismo tiempo que continúa desarrollando investigaciones para conocer mejor el impacto que tienen los diferentes medios electrónicos sobre el neurodesarrollo y el bienestar de los niños y adolescentes.

Abstract Exposure and use of electronic media by the majority of children is part of their reality since the first years of life. This reality has installed in the life of our kids and our society before scientific research has been able to assess their real impact in child neurodevelopment. In infants, toddlers and preschoolers, exposure to electronic screens has been related to cognitive and language delay. Additionally, in the medium term, it has been related to a greater risk of overweight, lack of concentration and attention deficit, and a greater risk to adopt a passive attitude. In school age and in adolescence, these technological devices may bring positive opportunities towards learning and socialization. Nevertheless, more frequently, an overuse of these technologies is being seen, that affect the attention ability, the school performance and the amount and quality of nocturnal sleep of children and adolescents. Some adolescents that overuse social media develop symptoms of depression, insuffcient sleep, overweight and social isolation (affected by cyber-bullying) or are exposed to inappropriate or risky contents and contacts, and they endanger their privacy and the confidentiality of their personal data. For all these reasons, academic community has to inform the society about these serious risks, at the same time that continues developing researches to assess more profoundly the impact of the different electronic media to the neurodevelopment and well-being of our children and adolescents.

Desenvolvimento neurológico: avaliação evolutiva / Neurologic development: evolutional assessment

Esse artigo se propõe a revisar a avaliação do desenvolvimento neuropsicológico das crianças no seu período pós-natal, com o objetivo de fornecer aos profissionais de saúde envolvidos na assistência infantil subsídios teóricos para vigilância do desenvolvimento normal e da intervenção precoce, que pode minimizar as repercussões funcionais e lesionais do sistema nervoso submetido a eventos potencialmente patológicos, melhorando a qualidade de vida da criança, da família e com menor custo social na reabilitação (AU)

This article intend to review the assessment of the children's neuropsicologic development in the postnatal period, with the aim to give theoric information to heath professionals envolved in the children's care in terms of vigilance of the normal development and precocious intervention, wich can minimise the functional and lesional central nervous system repercutions, submitted to potencially pathological events, making better the child and family quality of live, with lower social costs in the rehabilitation (AU)