Desviación oblicua: diagnóstico estrabológico y alternativas de tratamiento / Skew deviation: strabismological diagnosis and treatment alternatives

Objetivo: Analizar las posibilidades de diagnóstico y tratamiento en pacientes con skew deviation (SD) o estrabismo con desviación oblicua. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional y longitudinal de pacientes con SD, de septiembre de 2007 a mayo de 2008. Se realizó exploración estrabológica, estudio multidisciplinario y se evaluaron alternativas terapéuticas. Resultados: Se estudiaron 10 pacientes con SD. Edad 11.5 + 13.6 años. Los diagnósticos neurológicos fueron esclerosis múltiple, malformación arteriovenosa, epilepsia, hidrocefalia, encefalopatía isquémica, atrofia cortical, hipoplasia de cuerpo calloso y hemorragia talámica. Se encontró retraso psicomotor en 80 %, además se asoció a apraxia de Cogan, síndrome de Parinaud, nistagmo en see-saw, síndrome de Foville y hemiplejía. Los estrabismos relacionados fueron exotropía en cinco, endotropía en tres, hipertropía en dos, desviación vertical disociada en uno. Se encontró lesión a II, III y VII nervios craneales. Conclusiones: El estudio estrabológico adecuado permite un mejor diagnóstico de la lesión en SD y con ello vigilar la evolución neurológica del paciente. El tratamiento debe incluir la rehabilitación óptica y el manejo del estrabismo, principalmente con toxina botulínica.

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to analyze diagnostic and treatment alternatives in patients with skew deviation (SD). METHODS: This is a prospective, observational and longitudinal study of patients with SD. The study took place in a third-level medical center during the period from September 2007 to May 2008. Strabismological exploration, multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment alternatives were analyzed. RESULTS: Ten patients presenting SD were studied. Diagnoses were multiple sclerosis, arteriovenous malformation, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, ischemic encephalopathy, cortical atrophy, hypoplasia of corpus callosum and thalamic hemorrhage. Psychomotor retardation was present in 80%. Other diagnoses were Cogan apraxia, Parinaud syndrome, see-saw nystagmus, Foville syndrome, and hemiplegic alterations. Related strabismuses were exotropia (5), esotropia (3), hypertropia (2), and dissociated vertical deviation (1). Lesions of II, III and VII cranial nerves were found. CONCLUSIONS: Complete strabological study allows a better diagnosis of the lesion and consequently relapsing disease in order to achieve a better treatment according to each patient. Optical rehabilitation and botulinum applications are especially indicated.

Management of Duane's syndrome with botulinum toxin injection

Recession is the main surgical procedure in correction of eye deviation in Duane's syndrome. We evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of this type of strabismus instead of surgery or before it. Three patients with Duane's syndrome type I and one patient with Type II were selected at Poostchi eye clinic from patients who diagnosed primarily and had not any eye surgery before. Botulinum toxin [Dysport[TM], 10 IU] was injected into medial or lateral rectus muscles under general [2 patients] or local [2 others] anesthesia. Amount of deviation, leash phenomenon and limitation of movements were measured pre injection and 72 hours, 1, 4, 12 and 24 weeks postinjections and the results were compared. The amount of deviation was decreased between 8-35 PD at 24 weeks postinjection. No significant change was observed in limitation of movement but leash phenomenon improved in 3 patients. Injection of botulinum toxin in Duane's syndrome will decrease the amount of deviation and leash phenomenon; however, surgical intervention maybe necessary for residual deviation or globe retraction

Síndrome de Brown bilateral / Bilateral Brown syndrome

Objetivo: El síndrome de Brown (SB) se caracteriza por restricción activa y pasiva de la elevación en adducción. Puede ser congénito o adquirido, intermitente o permanente, uni o bilateral; este último se presenta en el 10 por ciento de los casos. Nuestro objetivo es describir 9 casos de SB bilateral y revisar la literatura al respecto. Pacientes: se describen características clínicas de 9 casos y se revisa la literatura. Resultados: De los 9 casos, 2 eran de sexo masculino, y 7 de sexo femenino. Edad promedio: 5.7 años. 1 caso intermitente. Los casos publicados en diferentes series son: 13/126 (Brown), 3/8 (Clark y Noel), 7/36 (Waddell ) y 1/30 (Eustis). Entre los casos bilaterales hay alta incidencia de casos familiares. Conclusión: Se confirma que el cuadro es más común en mujeres. 7/9 tenía alineamiento en posición primaria. Todos tenían déficit bilateral de elevación y anisotropía en V. Frente a un caso de SB bilateral es conveniente examinar a los familiares en busca de casos asintomáticos.

Objective: The motility defect known as Brown´s síndrome is characterized by active and passive restriction of elevation in adduction. It may be either congenital or acquired, intermittent or permanent, uni or bilateral. It is bilateral in 10 percent of cases. Our purpose is to report 9 cases with bilateral Brown´s syndrome and review the cases previously published. Patients: 9 cases are described: 2 males and 7 females, average age 5,7 years who had bilateral Brown´s syndrome and review. Results: 9 cases are described: 2 males and 7 females, average age 5,7 years who had bilateral Brown´s syndrome, 1 of them was intermittent. Bilateral cases published are: 13/126 in Brown´s series, 3/28 in Clark and Noel´s, 7/36 in Waddell´s and 1/30 in that of Eustis. Among bilateral cases there is a striking incidence of familial cases. Conclusion: Brown´s statement that the disorder is more common in females than in males is confirmed in our series. It should be noted that 7 out of 9 of these patients had normal alignment in primary gaze. All cases had bilateral elevation deficit and V pattern. In bilateral cases examination of the relatives should be performed in order to detect asymptomatic familial cases.